Difference between revisions of "Sadducees"

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This article theorizes that '''DIHYAH's FATHER KHALIFAH AL-KALBI''' was '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah_ben_Hushiel NEHEMIAH BEN HUSHIEL]''' the chief [[mamed]] of a Proto-Karaite sect that recruited a type of Noahite (Tsabi) called Hagarim from among the mainly Zoroastrian, [[Manichaeans]] and other Gnostics (Hanifs) such as the Harranian Quraysh. One of those Noahites was to be [[Mehmet the Ishmaelite]].
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Hod Shebe Malkhut
  
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:'''NOAHITES (HAGARIM)'''
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'''ALSADIQIN''', the sect of the '''Sadducees''' - possibly from Hebrew '''Tsdoki''' צדוקי [{{IPA|sˤə.ðo.'qi}}], whence '''Zadokites''' or other variants - was founded in the 2nd century BCE, possibly as a political party, and continued to exist sometime after the 1st century only under the name of Ishmaelites. They were mainly Nabatean Ishmaelite Hagarim converted to Judaism by Alexander Jannaeus.<ref>Johnson, Paul (1987). A History of the Jews. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-79091-4.</ref> Modern Sadducees have usurped the identity of the Karaite Jews though they do not hold to the Mishnaic beliefs of the early Karaites.  
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It should be noted, that Judaism does not mind whether there is any truth or not to what non-Jews believe as long as their beliefs are compatible with Judaism. Noahite faiths are always artificial constructions. The reason is because it is assumed all religions come from Noah anyway so they are all nothing but corruptons or preservations of the Truth. Hence all one needs to do to find the Truth again is redeem the corrupted faith by correction/redaction/editing of those elements which are incompatible. In ths sense, if that is what an Arabian man did to Arabian Gnosticism then he would have been considered as having done God's work from a Jewish point of view. However, we can not know if this happened because all we have is Uthman's work and the opinions of Islamic historians.
 
  
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:'''DIHYAH'S FAMILY'''
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The Hebrew language name, Tsdoki, indicates their claim that they are the followers of the teachings of the High Priest Tsadok, often spelled Zadok (High Priest), who anointed Solomon king at the start of the Solomon's Temple. However, Rabbinic tradition suggests that they were ''not'' named after the High Priest Zadok, but rather another Zadok (who may still have been a priest), who rebelled against the teachings of Antigonus of Soko, a government official of Judea in the 3rd century BC and a predecessor of the Rabbinic tradition.
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The identification of Dihyah's Father Khalifah Al-Kalbi with Nehemiah ben Hushiel comes from the fact that the only person in history known to have been referred to by a word meaning Khalifah before Abu Bakr was Nehemiah ben Hushiel who is called Caliph (Ostikan) in Armenian. The Standard Islamic Narrative (SIN) that the Gabriel who used to teach the Quranic Materials looked practically identical to Dihyah himself, leaves us only with the rational dedcuction that he must have been a very close genetic relative to Dihyah like Father or twin Brother since Dihyah was too young to have a son old enough to fit the role. If Dihya's Father was Nehemiah ben Hushiel, then the Gabriel in question must have been Dihyah's probably Twin-Brother.  
 
  
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:'''QURAYZA'''
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While little or none of their own writings have been preserved, the Sadducees seem to have indeed been a priestly group, associated with the leadership of the Temple in Jerusalem. Possibly, Sadducees represent the aristocratic clan of the Hasmonean kohen, who replaced the previous high priestly lineage that had allowed the Syrian Emperor Antiochus IV Epiphanes to desecrate the Temple of Jerusalem with idolatrous sacrifices and to martyr monotheistic Jews. The Jewish holiday of Hanukkah celebrates the ousting of the Syrian forces, the rededication of the Temple, and the installment of the new Hasmonean priestly line. The Hasmoneans ruled as "priest-kings", claiming both titles high priest and king simultaneously, and like other aristocracies across the Hellenistic world became increasingly influenced by Hellenistic syncretism and Greek philosophies: presumably Stoicism, and apparently Epicureanism if the Talmudic tradition criticizing the anti-Torah philosophy of the "Apikorsus" אפיקורסוס (i.e., Epicurus) refers to the Hasmonean clan qua Sadducees. Like Epicureans, Sadducees rejected the existence of an afterlife, thus denied the Pharisaic doctrine of the Resurrection of the Dead.
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This article also theorizes that it is very possible that the sect of proto-Karaites we are referring to were the '''QURAYZA''' who joined the Parthian Allies of Heraclius in 622 against Sassan until they were exterminated by [[Mehmet the Ishmaelite]] in 627 in the tragic irony of using their own words against them, sickening many of his followers who had worked out that Gabriel was not a messenger from heaven but in reality just a messenger from the Qurayza.  
 
  
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:'''QURAYZA BELIEFS'''
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The Dead Sea Scrolls community, who are probably [[Essenes]], were led by a high priestly leadership, who are thought to be the descendents of the "legitimate" high priestly lineage, which the Hasmoneans ousted. The Dead Sea Scrolls bitterly opposed the current high priests of the Temple. Since Hasmoneans constituted a different priestly line, it was in their political interest to emphasize their family's priestly pedigree that descended from their ancestor, the high priest Zadok, who had the authority to anoint the kingship of Solomon, son of David.
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Nehemiah Ben Hushiel's Qurayza, like all Proto-Karaites were Hebrews, but not regular Jews.[https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2013/05/18/whos-a-jew] They were related to the Samaritans and Falashahs etc., and like the Samaritans and Falashahs etc., considered themselves spiritual inheritors of the earthly Kingdom of Israel. Like their relatives, they often (but not always) harboured a degree of disrespect towards regular Jews whom they regard as elitist snobs. Christians did not refer to Arabia as ferax heresium (Mother of Heresies) for nothing and Proto-Karaites came in all sorts: [[Ananites]]; [[Ukbarites]]; [[Isawites]]; [[Essenes]]; [[Ebionites]]; [[Nazarenes]]; [[Nasoreans]]; [[Ekhasites]]; [[Sadducees]]; the list is endless. Each sect had its own peculiar set of beliefs. Some, like the Ukbarites, were like Messianic Jews or Nasara. Abu Hanifa can certainly be regarded as a kind of proto-Karaite whose distinguishing beliefs included acceptance of the New Testament and the Islamic Ieso as G-d's Aeon (Rasul) and G-d's Word (Kalim) and Spirit from G-d (Ruh) born of a virgin (Marym). Just like other proto-Karaites, his sect also had a complex view of certain other Jewish sects some of which they regarded as fellow Guides and some of which they referred to as Judas (Yahud) while trying to gain adherents from the Bani Israel (Zera Israel people). Abu Hanifa seems to have preserved this tradition while starving to death in prison where he helped Anan ben David establish the Ananite sect obviously not regarding him as a Judas. Specifically, the term Judas seems to have originally referred only to ex-Christians who had abandoned Ieso for forms of Judaism which regard every Ezrakh as a child of God.  
 
  
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:'''QURAYZA NOAHITES'''
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Most of what is known about the Sadducees comes from Josephus, who wrote that they were a quarrelsome group whose followers were wealthy and powerful, and that he considered them boorish in social interactions (see Josephus's [http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=2529&pageno=105 Wars of the Jews, Book II, Chapter VIII, Paragraph 14]). We know something of them from discussions in the Talmud (mainly the Jerusalem), the core work of Rabbinic literature Judaism, which is based on the teachings of Pharisee Judaism.  
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As the Qurayza's Noahites it was natural for Hagarim to look-up to the proto-Karaites for guidance referring to them as [[Alazeena Haadu]]. The Noahites regarded themselves as Sarah's Kin and as very distinct from their Arab subjects. Even the heavily Arabized [[Quraysh]] Hagarim did not consider themselves Arabs whom they looked down upon as the worst hypocrites and disbelievers.  
 
  
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:'''QURAYZA QURAN'''
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== Beliefs ==
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Because Nehemiah ben Hushiel's sect of proto-Karaites that Abu Hanifa descended from spoke Imperial Aramaic and Pahlavi they were readers of the Imperial Aramaic Targumim of the Hebrew Miqra which in Aramaic is called the Kareyana from which comes the Arabic word Koran. The Hebrew Miqra predated the Tanakh which was only canonized around 200CE.  
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Sadducees rejected certain beliefs of the Pharisaic interpretation of the Torah.  They rejected the Pharisaic tenet of an oral Torah, and interpreted the verses literally. In their personal lives this often meant a more stringent lifestyle, as they did away with the ability to interpret.
  
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:'''QURAYSH QURAN'''
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R' Yitchak Isaac Halevi suggests that while there is evidence of a Sadducee sect from the times of Ezra, It emerged as major force only after the Hashmenite rebellion. The reason for this was not, in fact, a matter of religion. He claims that as complete rejection of Judaism would not have been tolerated under the Hasmonean rule, the Hellenists joined the Sadducees maintaining that they were rejecting not Judaism but Rabbinic law. Thus, the Sadducees were for the most part a political party not a religious sect (Dorot Ha'Rishonim).
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One of the Qurayza's Noahite tribes was the Quraysh who had originally been Zoroastrians. Long after the demise of the Qurayza, as the Quraysh became more influential, they decided to gather and translate the vanishing Targumim into Intelligible Arabic but most of the Targums had already been lost so the Quraysh might have ended up inventing a lot of it as they went along.  
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However there is evidence<ref>Cf., for one example of a sect that could have represented a Sadducee schism and did believe in Angels, the Afterlife, etc.:  Lawrence H. Schiffman, 'The Sadducean Origins of the Dead Sea Scroll Sect', in <i>Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls</i>, ed. H. Shanks, New York: Random House, 1993, pp. 35-49. It is widely known that the authors of the Dead Sea Scrolls never recognizably refer to themselves as "Essenes"—possibly due to the fact that they wrote mainly in Hebrew and Aramaic, whereas we have the term "Essenes" from Greek—but they do refer to themselves in various places as the "Zadokites"/"Sons of Zadok", which term is apparently identical to that by which the Sadducees identified themselves.  Among other arguments for a Sadducean Essene origin, Schiffman also cites interpretations of the purity regulations which closely parallel Sadducean views recorded by the spiritual heirs of the [[Pharisees]], who authored the Talmud.</ref> that there was an internal schism among those called "Sadducees" - some who rejected Angels, the Soul, and Resurrection - and some which accepted these teachings and the entirety of the Hebrew Bible.
  
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:'''SALAT'''
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In regard to criminal jurisdiction they were so rigorous that the day on which their code was abolished by the Pharisaic Sanhedrin under Simeon ben Shetah's leadership, during the reign of Salome Alexandra, was celebrated as a festival. The Sadducees are said to have insisted on the literal execution of the law of retaliation: "Eye for eye, tooth for tooth", which pharisaic Judaism, and later rabbinic Judaism, rejected. On the other hand, they would not inflict the death penalty on false witnesses in a case where capital punishment had been wrongfully carried out, unless the accused had been executed solely in consequence of the testimony of such witnesses.
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While many Noahites themselves (being from Christian backgrounds) observed the Divine Office of the Liturgy of Hours (which became the 5 prayer times) the proto-Karaites only practiced Salat 3 times a day. The Qurayza used to perform Havdalah for the Hagarim but this was eventually lost although a form was revived by certain Alids.  
 
  
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:'''MAMED'''
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According to the Talmud, they granted the daughter the same right of inheritance as the son in case the son was dead.(see chapter Yeish Nochalin of the Babylonain Talmud, tractate Bava Batra)
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Some proto-Karaites were governed by a clerical office called a Ma'amad[https://www.bookgallery.co.il/content/hebrew/bookpageschema.asp?BookPageID=160101] or Hakhamate perhaps originally under Nehemiah ben Hushiel who was appointed by Khosrow following his execution of [[Exilarch Haninai]] in 591.  
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See however Emet L' Yaakov over there who explains that the focus of their argument was theological. The question was whether there is an "Afterlife" (see above) and thus the dead person can act as a chain on the line of inheritance as if he was alive.
  
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:'''NABI'''
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According to the Talmud, they contended that the seven weeks from the first barley-sheaf-offering ("omer") to Shavuot (Pentecost in Christian reference) should, according to Leviticus 23:15-16, be counted from "the day after Sabbath," and, consequently, that Shavuot should always be celebrated on the first day of the week (Meg. Ta'an. i.; Men. 65a). In this they followed a literal reading of the Bible which regards the festival of the firstlings as having no direct connection with Passover, while the Pharisees, connecting the festival of the Exodus with the festival of the giving of the Law, interpreted the "morrow after the Sabbath" to signify the second day of Passover.
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Just like the [[Isawites]], and for claiming descent fron Abraham, the Qurayza referred to their Hakhamate as the "Nabi" (Abraham Hanifa) and there were very particular marriage rules which applied to the Nabi Clerical Class also known as the Ahl ulBayt. The rules were similar to the [[Yukhasin]] categories observed by other Jews and to those which pertained to the Feudal class in Europe.
 
  
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:'''VARIOUS OTHER PROTO-KARAITE IDEAS'''
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In regard to rituals at the Temple in Jerusalem:
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As mentioned above, there were an endless supply if ideas from the Proto-Karaite groups. To cover them all in detail is beyond the scope of this work. Only those which appear to be relevant to our story shoukd be mentioned.
 
  
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One such idea suggests that Idumeans as  people of Esau accepted Christianity regarding Ieso as a sort of "Moses" for the children of Esau in much the same way that Moses was accepted as by the children of Jacob as their special prophet. According to the same theory, Hagar's children were also awaiting their "Moses".  
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* They held that the daily burnt offerings were to be offered by the high priest at his own expense, whereas the Pharisees contended that they were to be furnished as a national sacrifice at the cost of the Temple treasury into which taxes were paid.
  
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Other proto-Karaites would have considered that Ieso in the Quran refers not to [[Rebbe Yehoshuah Minzaret]] but to [[Plony Yeshu HaNotzri Ben Stada]] who they nick-named in Hebrew "'''מסיח'''" meaning "distracting" not regarding him as Moshia' (Messiah). That has become the standard medieval Karaite view. This idea was coupled by others with the idea that he should regarded as G-d's Messenger to the Idumeans and later also the idea that [[Mehmet the Ishmaelite]] should be regarded as G-d's Messenger to the Ishmaelites.  
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* They held that the meal offering belonged to the priest's portion; whereas the Pharisees claimed it for the altar.
  
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All sorts of ideas held by the various proto-Karaite sects could have easily transferred onto the Qurayza's Hagarim after the male Qurayza were eliminated forcing Hagarim to look to others if Alazeena Haadu for guidance.
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* They insisted on an especially high degree of purity in those who officiated at the preparation of the ashes of the Red Heifer. The Pharisees, by contrast, opposed such strictness.
  
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=591 Haninai Executed (Karaite)=
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* They declared that the kindling of the incense in the vessel with which the high priest entered the Holy of Holies on the Day of Atonement was to take place outside, so that he might be wrapped in smoke while meeting the Shekhinah within, according to Lev. xvi. 2; whereas the Pharisees, denying the high priest the claim of such supernatural vision, insisted that the incense be kindled within.
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Khosrow executes [[Exilarch Haninai]] and appoints Nehemiah ben Hushiel who runs the proto-Karaite Ma'amad.
 
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=605 Phocas Persecutes Jews (Byzantine History)=
 
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Jewish refugees who had escaped Phocas arrive to seek asylum with the Qurayza of Ercolia.
 
  
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=610 De-Occultation of Mars (Nightsky App)=
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* They opposed the popular festivity of the water libation and the procession preceding it on each night of the Sukkot feast.
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The de-occultation of Mars from beneath the crescent moon on 2nd of March. Khosrow's astrologers had seen the de-occultation of Mars from the Crescent moon on the 2nd of March 610 and interpreted it as meaning the right time has arrived for Sassan to go to war against Phocas. Khosrow II sends Caliph Nehemiah ben Hushiel and his Qurayza to take Syria from Phocas. The proto-Karaites and the [[Quraysh]] invade the Patriarchate of Jerusalem killing many religious Christians and succeeded in establishing themselves as Khosrow's rulers over Syria.
 
  
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The Jews were overjoyed and many families went to join the conquering heroes. According to the Doctrina Jacobi, many Jews began to believe that their awaited prophet had come while others condemned Nehemiah's armies.  
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* They opposed the Pharisaic assertion that the scrolls of the Holy Scriptures have, like any holy vessel, the power to render ritually unclean the hands that touch them.
  
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Their joy was short lived.
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* They opposed the Pharisaic idea of the ''eruv'', the merging of several private precincts into one in order to admit of the carrying of food and vessels from one house to another on the Sabbath.
  
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=617 Khosrou Betrays Israelites (Eliezer ben Qalir)=
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* In dating all civil documents they used the phrase "after the high priest of the Most High," and they opposed the formula introduced by the Pharisees in divorce documents, "According to the law of Moses and Israel".
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The first Hijra is when Khosrow II betrayed the Israelites. Nehemiah's [[Ma'amad]] or "Council of the Righteous" was evicted from the Holy Land by the Zoroastrian Quraysh and garrisoned themselves in Edessa having been evicted by the Quraysh who prevent them from access to [[Al-Masjid Al-Haram]] and prevent the [[Noahites]] from access to [[Al-Masjid Al-Haram]]. At the same time, their Zera Israel Ishmaelite convert to Judeo-Baptist Gnosticism called Mohmot (Dead Moon) or Iyas ibn Qabisha (or perhaps Elijah ibn Abu Kabsha) seeks refuge with the Qurayza having been ousted from Al-Hira by Azadbeh.
 
  
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=619 Irruption of the Saracens (New Advent)=
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* Ben Sira, one of the Deuterocanonical books, is believed by many scholars to have been by a Sadducee {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. (Note, the Talmud says clearly he was rejected by the Sadducees.)
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"The irruption of the Saracens" of Khosrow II in Egypt. The Alexandrian St. John the Almsgiver (609 or 619) had taken a letter from Arsas with his own hand, and was only prevented by the irruption of the Saracens (619) from using it to obtain the deposition of Sergius.
 
  
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=622 New Era (Nimusmatics)=
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== Reliability of claims ==
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Khosrow proclaims himself God of Gods and strips all religious symbolism off of his coins leaving only his own Image. This greatly upsets many Pahlavis and others. The Imperial Lion-Man Heraclius begins his campaign against Khosrou II and is declared August Heraclius even by the former citizens of Persia. Heraclius evicts the Qurayza from Edessa but offers them a stash of weapons and an Imperial Basalt Stele promising them the Desert (interpreted by the Qurayza as [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-arabah Arabah]) if they can take it from Khosrow.
 
  
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=620s Unite in Religion (Monoenergism/Sebeos/SIN)=
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None of the writings we have about Sadducees present their own side of these controversies, and it is possible that positions attributed to "Sadducees" in later literature are meant as rhetorical foils for whatever opinion the author wishes to present, and do not in fact represent the teachings of the sect. Yet, although these texts were written long after these periods, many scholars have said that they are a fairly reliable account of history during the Second Temple era.
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Heraclius refutes the Acephali and decrees all people in his empire should unite in religion under his own version of Monophsitism which he calls Monoenergism.
 
  
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The Qurayza raised [[Mehmet the Ishmaelite]] into to Mahmoudan status and so that he can join their [[mamed]] as a Mahmoud. The Qurayza help him to conquer the Zoroastrian Quraysh hoping that he has the influence to raise an army of [[Hagarim]] in Tachkastan for them to take the Arabah.
 
  
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It seems only Uthman is genuinely convinced by Gabriel's teachings.
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== Origin ==
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They were mainly Nabatean Ishmaelite Hagarim converted to Judaism by Alexander Jannaeus.<ref>Johnson, Paul (1987). A History of the Jews. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-79091-4.</ref> Having been freed by a Kohen they were all counted as his legal children. Where exactly Alexander Jannaeus got the idea for his religion is uncertain. Josephus relates that the three "sects" — the Pharisees, Essenes, and Sadducees — dated back to "very ancient times" (Ant. xviii. 1, § 2), which really only point to a time prior to John Hyrcanus (ib. xiii. 8, § 6) or the Maccabean war (ib. xiii. 5, § 9).
  
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=625 Honorius (Church History)=
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Among the rabbis of the second century the following legend circulated: Antigonus of Soko, successor of Simeon the Just (219–199 BCE), the last of the Men of the Great Assembly, and consequently living at the time of the influx of Hellenistic ideas, taught the maxim, "Be not like servants who serve their master for the sake of a reward, but be rather like those who serve without thought of receiving a reward" (Avot 1:3); whereupon two of his disciples, Zadok and Boethusius, mistaking the high ethical purport of the maxim, arrived at the conclusion that there was no future retribution, saying, "What servant would work all day without obtaining his due reward in the evening?" Instantly they broke away from the Law and lived in great luxury, using many silver and gold vessels at their banquets; and they established schools which declared the enjoyment of this life to be the goal of man, at the same time pitying the Pharisees for their bitter privation in this world with no hope of another world to compensate them. These two schools were called, after their founders, Sadducees and Boethusians.
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Honorius I becomes Pope on the 27th of October.
 
  
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Mithrean Ali marries Fatima.
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Christian traditions state that the Sadducees began as a Samaritan sect.
  
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=627 Massacre of Qurayza (SIN)=
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==New Testament/Greek Scriptures==
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According to the Standard Muslim Narrative, [[Mehmet the Ishmaelite]] kills all male Qurayza and distributes their females as slaves to his men. However, this news does not seem to reach Sebeos.  
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The Sadducees are mentioned in the New Testament/Greek Scriptures of the Christian Bible. The Gospel of Matthew indicates that the Sadducees did not believe in the resurrection of the dead. {{bibleref|Matthew|22:29}}, 31-32 says:
  
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It is likely that Mehmet takes the black Stele at this time and did this to pay for his army with weapons, women and other spoils.
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:<sup>29</sup> In reply Jesus said to them: “You are mistaken, because you know neither the Scriptures nor the power of God ... [30] ... <sup>31</sup> As regards the resurrection of the dead, did you not read what was spoken to you by God, saying, <sup>32</sup> ‘I am the God of Abraham and the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob’? He is the God, not of the dead, but of the living.”
  
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Mahmoud changes Heraclius's words towards his own idea that whatever his origin, Ieso had one Human will (Monothelitism).  
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The Acts of the Apostles likewise indicates that Sadducees did not share the Pharisees’ belief in a resurrection; Paul starts a conflict during his trial, by claiming that his accusers were motivated by his advocacy of the doctrine of the resurrection (in an aside, Acts 23:8 asserts that “The Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, or angel, or spirit; but the Pharisees acknowledge all three”).
  
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Heraclius likely was unconscious of the difference and happy that he had more allies attacking the Sassanians for him.
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==Sadducees as Ishmaelites==
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Being associated closely with the Temple in Jerusalem, after the Temple was destroyed in AD 70 the Sadducees remained only as Ishmaelites. It is possible that they may have attempted to establish the Kaaba in Mecca as a substitute Temple surviving as a minority group within Judaism up until early medieval times.In the 7th century the conflict between the Ishmaelites and the Karaties and [[Edumeans]] gave rise to Islam. In refutations of Sadducean beliefs, [[Karaite Jewish]] Sages such as Ya'akov al-Qirqisani quoted one of their texts, which was called ''Sefer Zadok''. Translations into English of some of these quotes can be found in [https://www.calledoutbelievers.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1937_cahn_riseOfTheKaraiteSect_text.pdf Zvi Cahn's ''"Rise of the Karaite sect"''].
  
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=629 Battle of Mu-tah (SIN)=
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==Messianic Sadducees==
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Mehmet's men seem to attack the Zoroastrian-ruled Ghassanids in the battle of Mu-tah, Jordan.
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The 634-644CE Sadducee leader of Tachkastan called [[Emir Ambrus]] adopted a Monophysite belief in Jesus as a tripartite manifestation of the Archangel Metatron and subsequently some of the Mishnah which Jesus promoted and which Emir Ambrus therefore incorporated into the Sadducee texts. His successor was a Manichean who abolished the original Sadducee texts in favour of a redacted version.
  
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Heraclius interviews Quraysh concerning Mahmouda ibn Ishmael. Quraysh decide to submit to Mehmet and Heraclius orders the Ghassanids to submit to Mehmet.
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==See also==
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*[[Sefer Zadok]]
  
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=630 Al-Karak (Hagopian/SIN)=
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==Footnotes==
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Heraclius and his allies defeat Quraysh and enter Jerusalem on March 21 with the "True Cross".
 
  
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Last remnant of Zoroastrian Quraysh surrender Makah to [[Mehmet]].
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<references/>
  
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Arabs take Al-Karak
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==External links==  
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*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=40&letter=S&search=Sadducees Jewish Encyclopedia: Sadducees]  
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=632 Rise of the Bakr (SIN)=
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*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13323a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Sadducees]  
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Yazdegard suffers raids from the proto-Karaite Bakr family who rule from Al-Hira.
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*[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sadducees Encyclopedia Britannica: Sadducees]
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Aisha is the Arabic form of the Hebrew word for wife. The word might actually refer to Rayhana Bint Zayd of the Qurayza. She poisons Mehmet and tells everyone that his last words indicate that he was a false prophet. Abu Bakr takes control of his community.
 
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The population become suspicious and hostile towards the Bakr family.
 
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=633 Khalid conquers Al-Hira (SIN)=
 
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The Bakr of Al-Hira appeal to Khalid's [[Quraysh]] for help. Khalid's Quraysh conquer Al-Hira's Taji of [[Mehmet]].
 
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The Mithrean Alids soon begin minting Persian coins.
 
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=634 Tayyaye d'MHMT (Thomas the Presbyter)=
 
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The Taji of [[Mehmet]] stationed 12 miles east of Gaza fall under the control of Khalid who orders them to fight the Romans at this time as they try to re-take the lands for the Saracens which the Saracens had only just recently lost to Heraclius.
 
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=635 Nasrani-Monothelitism & Alliance (SIN/Vatican/Military History)=
 
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In 635 Yazdegrd made an alliance with Heraclius in Tachkastan against the Quraysh.
 
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The Standard Islamic Narrative (SIN) states that Pope Honorius I accepted the Arab religion. In fact he only supported Nasrani-Monothelitism in a letter dated to this year. The Echo or historical kernal behind the SIN reveals more to us about the nature of Proto-Islam than it does concerning Honorius's heresy. The new religion must be Nasrani-Monothelitism which regardless of Church apologetics must therefore only logically mean the "Arian-like" doctrine that the one and only will that Ieso had was a regular human will. It is likely that Pope Honorius was aware of the Saracen raids of 629,630 and 634 and aware that Byzantium was unable to engage in any more wars and that Nasrani-Monothelitism was probably the only practical solution for the time. But Heraclius was Eutychian at heart and was reluctant to abandon his position until it was already too late.
 
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Maximus is alleged to have tried to explain that when Honorius taught "one human will in Ieso" it was only to deny the existence of any lower will of the flesh but this was taken as meaning that Ieso only had a common human will alone. This kernel grew into Islam as we now know it.
 
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=636 Heraclius defeated (Fredgar)=
 
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Yazdegard betrayed Heraclius by surrendering to Quraysh. Under the Quraysh, a marriage is arranged between Prince Shahriyar's daughter Shahrbonu and the Mithrean Ali's son Husseyn putting him in line for the Persian Throne.
 
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Quraysh proceeded to take the Holy land until Umar came to power.
 
−
 
 
−
=637 Sophronius surrenders Jerusalem (Georgian Church History)=
 
−
The Quraysh leader Umar takes advice from Alazeena Haadu and builds a Masjin on the Temple Mount.
 
−
 
 
−
Later the first Historical Emir seems impressed and curious concerning Miaphysitism.
 
−
 
 
−
=638 Heraclius capitulates (Ecthesis/SIN)=
 
−
Heraclius surrenders Syria and submits to Nasrani-Monothelitism with the Ecthesis, stating that despite alleged miraculous origins, Ieso had only one human will exhibited when he said "not my will but thy will be done" being clearly distinct from G-d's will. This view is compatible with Judaism and accurately reflects the standard position in Quraysh Islam.  
 
−
 
 
−
The Ecthesis essentially commands the Ghassanids to submit to the Quraysh.
 
−
 
 
−
=641 Constans (Byzantine Records)=
 
−
Constans ascends the Byzantine throne.
 
−
 
 
−
=644 Uthman (SIN)=
 
−
After the death of Umar in 644 the Quraysh are ruled by a Quraysh convert to the Judeo-Baptist Gnostic Faith called Uthman. Uthman wanted to stop the spread of Judeo-Baptist Gnostic material in other languages and tried to include many Karaite ideas. He also tried to win support from Pope Martin of Gaza. But his attempts were ultimately unsuccessful. Yazdegard III attempted an unsuccessful uprising against Uthman before fleeing with his Nestorian sons to Central Asia where he was given a Christian burial.
 
−
 
 
−
=648 Typos Offends (Numismatics/Church History)=
 
−
Tyops of Constans replaces Ecthesis. The Typos of Constans was issued to suppress discussion over Nasrani-Monothelitism. It is opposed by Quraysh as well as by Pope Martin of Gaza.
 
−
 
 
−
Quraysh refuse to put Constans on their Drahmas.
 
−
 
 
−
=653 Saracen Tomus (Ep. 14, PL 87, 199A, ca. 653 AD)=
 
−
The Byzantines arrest Pope Martin accusing him of providing the Quraysh a 'Tomus' concerning "what they should believe" and sentence him to death. Pope Martin.
 
−
 
 
−
Pope Martin did not instruct Uthman nor any other Quraysh concerning what they should believe concerning Ieso as Messiah because Muawiya does not have any such ideas later. But it may be that there was some kind of communique between Martin and the Alids concerning whatever they had that became Quranic materials. Otherwise, where did the Byzantines get this idea from?
 
−
 
 
−
The available evidence does not fit the SIN that Uthman played any significant role in standardising the Quraysh Quran. In contradiction to the Quran, the Emir before Uthman did not know Ieso as Messiah and Muawiya after Uthman did not know Ieso as Messiah. If Uthman believed in the miraculously born Messiah Ieso of the Quran, then his belief must have been only a generally unknown personal one which appears did not make any impact on the Umayyads until about 30 years later.
 
−
 
 
−
However, the charges brought against Martin show that Christian-like Quranic materials in use among the Muslims were obviously known to the Byzantines at this time but if tolerated were clearly not an Umayyad approved belief (let alone promoted) until about 30 years later during the reign of Abdul Malik.
 
−
 
 
−
Perhaps the word Masih used in the Quran is the Hebrew word for "distracter" referring to [[Plony Yeshu HaNotzri Ben Stada]] neither words being equated with the Christian Messia Ieso? But if that were the case, it is inconceivable that the Byzantines could imagine such a belief being approved by Pope Martin for the Saracens and they would certainly have charged Martin with apostasy instead.
 
−
 
 
−
Then perhaps the communication suggested by the Byzantines only involved Monothelite Maronite Nasara as the subjects of the Umayyad state? But if that were the case, there is no known Tomus which the Byzantines could have been referring to, and surely Martin could have made an attempt to explain this in his defence.
 
−
 
 
−
One could concoct an imaginary drama where the first historical Emir ordered translations to know if Ieso in the New Testament was the same person as [[Plony Yeshu HaNotzri Ben Stada]] then Uthman sent texts to Martin for his opinion on Yeshu HaNotzri, but the discourse ended when Martin pointed out that the Christian Jesus and Yeshu HaNotzri must be two different people then Muawiya spoke the way he did because he knew that there was no relation between the two. But again one would wonder why Martin makes no reference to such helpful evidence as part of his defence.  
 
−
 
 
−
Or one might instead imagine that the first historical Emir just wanted to know what Plony Ben Stada had learned from the Injeel, but then any basis for communication between Uthman and Martin collapses and the Byzantine charge must relate to a communique between Martin and Mulims other than the Umayyads.
 
−
 
 
−
The simplest conclusion is that while the Umayyad state may very well have accepted [[Plony Yeshu HaNotzri Ben Stada]] as a Hebrew Masih (distracter) it was not the Umayyads who had any kind of communication with Pope Martin concerning their Tomus. The SIN concerning the Uthmanic Quran Controversy must therefore be considered "Fake News". The Umayyads must have been introduced to such Quranic materials from a source other than Uthman and at a much later date.
 
−
 
 
−
If Uthman was a believer in Quranic materials then it was not something he boasted about to other Umayyads and if there was any communication between Uthman and Pope Martin then Uthman did it secretly and his "Quran" was likely just some materials which he had taken from the [[Mithrean Alids]].
 
−
 
 
−
=655 Battle of Masts (A J Deus)=
 
−
United Quraysh conquer the Mediterranean following Maximus the confessor's journey to Rome.
 
−
After they finished their conquests, their Caliphate consisted of 7 provinces:
 
−
*Levant
 
−
*Arabia
 
−
*Egypt
 
−
*Africa
 
−
*Indo-Persia
 
−
*Central-Eurasia
 
−
*Andalusia
 
−
 
 
−
=656 Ali (SIN)=
 
−
Ali becomes Caliph except over Syria where Muawiya has seceded.
 
−
 
 
−
Uthman appointed Ali his successor when he died but the Bakr family tried to prevent Ali's Ulu l-Amr from becoming Persia's rulers. Although Ulu l-Amr was not overthrown, western Quraysh under Muawiya seceded Syria from the Empire.
 
−
 
 
−
Quraysh and Iraq's Bakr family allies go to war against the Alids in the Battle of the Camel. Ali defeats Bakr family conquering Iraq but the Quraysh retain an independent kingdom in Syria.
 
−
 
 
−
=659=
 
−
Muawiya makes a three year treaty with Byzantium.
 
−
 
 
−
"If you wish, he said, to preserve your life in safety, abandon that vain cult which you learned from childhood. Deny that Jesus and turn to the great God whom I worship, the God of our father Abraham. Dismiss from your presence the multitude of your troops to their respective lands. And I shall make you a great prince in your regions and send prefects to your cities. I shall make an inventory of the treasures and order them to be divided into four parts: three for me, and one for you. I shall provide you with as many soldiers as you may wish, and take tribute from you, as much as you are able to give. But if you do not, that Jesus whom you call Christ, since he was unable to save himself from the Jews, how can he save you from my hands?"
 
−
 
 
−
The language reminds of the Emir's reluctance to hear mention of Jesus as Christ when he asked John of the Sedre to translate the New Testament. But unlike the Emir who did not want mention of the crucifixion, it does not hint of Jesus being saved from death at all and in fact lacks any kind of respect towards Jesus. While the Emir could be a proto-Karaite because he does not seem to be aware of two different Jesuses, the words of Muawiya are much more similar to the sort of thing modern Karaites might say who recognize the difference between Jesus and the Karaite [[Plony Yeshu HaNotzri Ben Stada]]. Were it not for the fact that the Quraysh had built a shrine on the temple mount, one might easily have come to the conclusion that (with the possible exception of Uthman) the Quraysh were still pagans until Abdul Malik.
 
−
 
 
−
This also contradicts with the idea that Quraysh were Monothelites rather than completely non-Christian. It looks more like they simply had a treaty with Monothelites rather than with other Christians. How is it then that Monothelitism (one human will) became the standard Islamic doctrine?
 
−
 
 
−
If the first historical Emir did not consider Ieso to be Messiah and then the third (Muawiya) didn't either, it is rather inconceivable that the standard narrative concerning the Quraysh Quran collection could be true. Muawiya had either never heard what Uthman's Quran says or he was an apostate from Uthman's religion who warred against the Alids.
 
−
 
 
−
In conclusion it is safe to say that the Quranic materials were not held by the first historical Emir's daughter (Hafsa) nor assembled into the Quraysh Quran by any caliph after him before Muawiya.
 
−
 
 
−
The only conclusion is that the Quranic materials were only popular in the area of the Alids into whose religion Abdul Malik almost converted but also incorporated his Maronites' Nasrani-Monothelite Christology.
 
−
 
 
−
=660 Muawiya (SIN)=
 
−
Death of Ali
 
−
 
 
−
Ali was followed by Husseyn which is when the Quraysh saw their opportunity and had Husseyn killed to established themselves on the throne instead. That lead to a civil war. Muawiya won but agreed that Husseyn would be his successor as king of the Arabs.
 
−
 
 
−
=660s Rise of Muawiya (Numismatics)=
 
−
Ali and Hassan killed.
 
−
Sebeos indicates that the Caliphate is a satellite of the Antichrist and depicts Muawiya as rejecting Christ, but according to other sources, Muawiya's daughter was baptised. He also prayed at the tomb of Mary in Gethsemane and at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre after being entering alliance with Byzantines and being crowned king of Jerusalem It seems Muawiya, despite his earlier beliefs was a convert to something recognisable as Christianity.
 
−
 
 
−
=669?=
 
−
Hassan's Khosrow-style "in the name of the king" coins in Pahlavi and Arabic.
 
−
(source currently lost)
 
−
 
 
−
=670 (SIN)=
 
−
Hassan dies and Persia falls to Muawiya.
 
−
 
 
−
=679=
 
−
Byzantium conquers Umayyads.
 
−
 
 
−
=680 Ibn Al-Zubayir (Numismatics)=
 
−
Muawiya dies. Muawiya's son like the rest of the Quraysh did not honour the acknowledgment of Husseyn as Caliph and have Husseyn killed leaving the Alid Mithreans almost extinct.
 
−
 
 
−
Muawiya's capitulation to Byzantium and the murder of Hussein lead to the rebellion of most of the Empire under the Bakr family led by ibn Al-Zubayr as Persian Emperor.
 
−
 
 
−
While the Bakr family Caliph ibn Al-Zubayir opposes Quraysh, John Maron is sent to clean up the Maronite heresy of Nasrani-Monothelitism among the Umayyads.
 
−
 
 
−
=692 Iconoclasm (Numismatics)=
 
−
Western Quraysh (Umayyad) Abdul Malik crushes the Bakr family killing Ibn Al-Zubayir and his mother Asma.
 
−
 
 
−
The Quinisext Council of Trullo causes Abdul Malik to adopt Iconoclasm so as not to be accused of being one who tramples the cross as all Christians did before this year.
 
−
 
 
−
Nevertheless, Abdul Malik supported John of Daylam.
 
−
 
 
−
The Proto-Karaites are crushed.
 
−
 
 
−
=699 Abu Hanifa (SIN)=
 
−
Birth of Abu Hanifa.
 
−
 
 
−
=711 Bardanes (Church History)=
 
−
Philippicus Bardanes attempts to rehabilitate Nasrani-Monothelitism to counter the development of Islam.
 
−
 
 
−
=713 4th Imam (SIN)=
 
−
Death of the Rightful Persian Emperor 4th Imam Ali son of Hussein and Shahrbonu.
 
−
 
 
−
=735 Mamed (John of Damascus)=
 
−
John of Damascus writes about a [[mamed]].
 
−
 
 
−
=749 Eastern Quraysh (SIN)=
 
−
Eastern Quraysh (Abbasids) take control as the Abbasids.
 
−
 
 
−
=763 Abu Hanifa (Karaite)=
 
−
Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur locks Proto-Karaites like [[Anan I ben David]] in prison where [[Abu Hanifa]] teaches him how to establish Karaite Judaism.
 

Latest revision as of 13:22, 19 September 2022

Hod Shebe Malkhut

ALSADIQIN, the sect of the Sadducees - possibly from Hebrew Tsdoki צדוקי [sˤə.ðo.'qi], whence Zadokites or other variants - was founded in the 2nd century BCE, possibly as a political party, and continued to exist sometime after the 1st century only under the name of Ishmaelites. They were mainly Nabatean Ishmaelite Hagarim converted to Judaism by Alexander Jannaeus.[1] Modern Sadducees have usurped the identity of the Karaite Jews though they do not hold to the Mishnaic beliefs of the early Karaites.

The Hebrew language name, Tsdoki, indicates their claim that they are the followers of the teachings of the High Priest Tsadok, often spelled Zadok (High Priest), who anointed Solomon king at the start of the Solomon's Temple. However, Rabbinic tradition suggests that they were not named after the High Priest Zadok, but rather another Zadok (who may still have been a priest), who rebelled against the teachings of Antigonus of Soko, a government official of Judea in the 3rd century BC and a predecessor of the Rabbinic tradition.

While little or none of their own writings have been preserved, the Sadducees seem to have indeed been a priestly group, associated with the leadership of the Temple in Jerusalem. Possibly, Sadducees represent the aristocratic clan of the Hasmonean kohen, who replaced the previous high priestly lineage that had allowed the Syrian Emperor Antiochus IV Epiphanes to desecrate the Temple of Jerusalem with idolatrous sacrifices and to martyr monotheistic Jews. The Jewish holiday of Hanukkah celebrates the ousting of the Syrian forces, the rededication of the Temple, and the installment of the new Hasmonean priestly line. The Hasmoneans ruled as "priest-kings", claiming both titles high priest and king simultaneously, and like other aristocracies across the Hellenistic world became increasingly influenced by Hellenistic syncretism and Greek philosophies: presumably Stoicism, and apparently Epicureanism if the Talmudic tradition criticizing the anti-Torah philosophy of the "Apikorsus" אפיקורסוס (i.e., Epicurus) refers to the Hasmonean clan qua Sadducees. Like Epicureans, Sadducees rejected the existence of an afterlife, thus denied the Pharisaic doctrine of the Resurrection of the Dead.

The Dead Sea Scrolls community, who are probably Essenes, were led by a high priestly leadership, who are thought to be the descendents of the "legitimate" high priestly lineage, which the Hasmoneans ousted. The Dead Sea Scrolls bitterly opposed the current high priests of the Temple. Since Hasmoneans constituted a different priestly line, it was in their political interest to emphasize their family's priestly pedigree that descended from their ancestor, the high priest Zadok, who had the authority to anoint the kingship of Solomon, son of David.

Most of what is known about the Sadducees comes from Josephus, who wrote that they were a quarrelsome group whose followers were wealthy and powerful, and that he considered them boorish in social interactions (see Josephus's Wars of the Jews, Book II, Chapter VIII, Paragraph 14). We know something of them from discussions in the Talmud (mainly the Jerusalem), the core work of Rabbinic literature Judaism, which is based on the teachings of Pharisee Judaism.

Beliefs

Sadducees rejected certain beliefs of the Pharisaic interpretation of the Torah. They rejected the Pharisaic tenet of an oral Torah, and interpreted the verses literally. In their personal lives this often meant a more stringent lifestyle, as they did away with the ability to interpret.

R' Yitchak Isaac Halevi suggests that while there is evidence of a Sadducee sect from the times of Ezra, It emerged as major force only after the Hashmenite rebellion. The reason for this was not, in fact, a matter of religion. He claims that as complete rejection of Judaism would not have been tolerated under the Hasmonean rule, the Hellenists joined the Sadducees maintaining that they were rejecting not Judaism but Rabbinic law. Thus, the Sadducees were for the most part a political party not a religious sect (Dorot Ha'Rishonim).

However there is evidence[2] that there was an internal schism among those called "Sadducees" - some who rejected Angels, the Soul, and Resurrection - and some which accepted these teachings and the entirety of the Hebrew Bible.

In regard to criminal jurisdiction they were so rigorous that the day on which their code was abolished by the Pharisaic Sanhedrin under Simeon ben Shetah's leadership, during the reign of Salome Alexandra, was celebrated as a festival. The Sadducees are said to have insisted on the literal execution of the law of retaliation: "Eye for eye, tooth for tooth", which pharisaic Judaism, and later rabbinic Judaism, rejected. On the other hand, they would not inflict the death penalty on false witnesses in a case where capital punishment had been wrongfully carried out, unless the accused had been executed solely in consequence of the testimony of such witnesses.

According to the Talmud, they granted the daughter the same right of inheritance as the son in case the son was dead.(see chapter Yeish Nochalin of the Babylonain Talmud, tractate Bava Batra) See however Emet L' Yaakov over there who explains that the focus of their argument was theological. The question was whether there is an "Afterlife" (see above) and thus the dead person can act as a chain on the line of inheritance as if he was alive.

According to the Talmud, they contended that the seven weeks from the first barley-sheaf-offering ("omer") to Shavuot (Pentecost in Christian reference) should, according to Leviticus 23:15-16, be counted from "the day after Sabbath," and, consequently, that Shavuot should always be celebrated on the first day of the week (Meg. Ta'an. i.; Men. 65a). In this they followed a literal reading of the Bible which regards the festival of the firstlings as having no direct connection with Passover, while the Pharisees, connecting the festival of the Exodus with the festival of the giving of the Law, interpreted the "morrow after the Sabbath" to signify the second day of Passover.

In regard to rituals at the Temple in Jerusalem:

  • They held that the daily burnt offerings were to be offered by the high priest at his own expense, whereas the Pharisees contended that they were to be furnished as a national sacrifice at the cost of the Temple treasury into which taxes were paid.
  • They held that the meal offering belonged to the priest's portion; whereas the Pharisees claimed it for the altar.
  • They insisted on an especially high degree of purity in those who officiated at the preparation of the ashes of the Red Heifer. The Pharisees, by contrast, opposed such strictness.
  • They declared that the kindling of the incense in the vessel with which the high priest entered the Holy of Holies on the Day of Atonement was to take place outside, so that he might be wrapped in smoke while meeting the Shekhinah within, according to Lev. xvi. 2; whereas the Pharisees, denying the high priest the claim of such supernatural vision, insisted that the incense be kindled within.
  • They opposed the popular festivity of the water libation and the procession preceding it on each night of the Sukkot feast.
  • They opposed the Pharisaic assertion that the scrolls of the Holy Scriptures have, like any holy vessel, the power to render ritually unclean the hands that touch them.
  • They opposed the Pharisaic idea of the eruv, the merging of several private precincts into one in order to admit of the carrying of food and vessels from one house to another on the Sabbath.
  • In dating all civil documents they used the phrase "after the high priest of the Most High," and they opposed the formula introduced by the Pharisees in divorce documents, "According to the law of Moses and Israel".
  • Ben Sira, one of the Deuterocanonical books, is believed by many scholars to have been by a Sadducee [citation needed] . (Note, the Talmud says clearly he was rejected by the Sadducees.)

Reliability of claims

None of the writings we have about Sadducees present their own side of these controversies, and it is possible that positions attributed to "Sadducees" in later literature are meant as rhetorical foils for whatever opinion the author wishes to present, and do not in fact represent the teachings of the sect. Yet, although these texts were written long after these periods, many scholars have said that they are a fairly reliable account of history during the Second Temple era.


Origin

They were mainly Nabatean Ishmaelite Hagarim converted to Judaism by Alexander Jannaeus.[3] Having been freed by a Kohen they were all counted as his legal children. Where exactly Alexander Jannaeus got the idea for his religion is uncertain. Josephus relates that the three "sects" — the Pharisees, Essenes, and Sadducees — dated back to "very ancient times" (Ant. xviii. 1, § 2), which really only point to a time prior to John Hyrcanus (ib. xiii. 8, § 6) or the Maccabean war (ib. xiii. 5, § 9).

Among the rabbis of the second century the following legend circulated: Antigonus of Soko, successor of Simeon the Just (219–199 BCE), the last of the Men of the Great Assembly, and consequently living at the time of the influx of Hellenistic ideas, taught the maxim, "Be not like servants who serve their master for the sake of a reward, but be rather like those who serve without thought of receiving a reward" (Avot 1:3); whereupon two of his disciples, Zadok and Boethusius, mistaking the high ethical purport of the maxim, arrived at the conclusion that there was no future retribution, saying, "What servant would work all day without obtaining his due reward in the evening?" Instantly they broke away from the Law and lived in great luxury, using many silver and gold vessels at their banquets; and they established schools which declared the enjoyment of this life to be the goal of man, at the same time pitying the Pharisees for their bitter privation in this world with no hope of another world to compensate them. These two schools were called, after their founders, Sadducees and Boethusians.

Christian traditions state that the Sadducees began as a Samaritan sect.

New Testament/Greek Scriptures

The Sadducees are mentioned in the New Testament/Greek Scriptures of the Christian Bible. The Gospel of Matthew indicates that the Sadducees did not believe in the resurrection of the dead. Template:Bibleref, 31-32 says:

29 In reply Jesus said to them: “You are mistaken, because you know neither the Scriptures nor the power of God ... [30] ... 31 As regards the resurrection of the dead, did you not read what was spoken to you by God, saying, 32 ‘I am the God of Abraham and the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob’? He is the God, not of the dead, but of the living.”

The Acts of the Apostles likewise indicates that Sadducees did not share the Pharisees’ belief in a resurrection; Paul starts a conflict during his trial, by claiming that his accusers were motivated by his advocacy of the doctrine of the resurrection (in an aside, Acts 23:8 asserts that “The Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, or angel, or spirit; but the Pharisees acknowledge all three”).

Sadducees as Ishmaelites

Being associated closely with the Temple in Jerusalem, after the Temple was destroyed in AD 70 the Sadducees remained only as Ishmaelites. It is possible that they may have attempted to establish the Kaaba in Mecca as a substitute Temple surviving as a minority group within Judaism up until early medieval times.In the 7th century the conflict between the Ishmaelites and the Karaties and Edumeans gave rise to Islam. In refutations of Sadducean beliefs, Karaite Jewish Sages such as Ya'akov al-Qirqisani quoted one of their texts, which was called Sefer Zadok. Translations into English of some of these quotes can be found in Zvi Cahn's "Rise of the Karaite sect".

Messianic Sadducees

The 634-644CE Sadducee leader of Tachkastan called Emir Ambrus adopted a Monophysite belief in Jesus as a tripartite manifestation of the Archangel Metatron and subsequently some of the Mishnah which Jesus promoted and which Emir Ambrus therefore incorporated into the Sadducee texts. His successor was a Manichean who abolished the original Sadducee texts in favour of a redacted version.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Johnson, Paul (1987). A History of the Jews. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-79091-4.
  2. ↑ Cf., for one example of a sect that could have represented a Sadducee schism and did believe in Angels, the Afterlife, etc.: Lawrence H. Schiffman, 'The Sadducean Origins of the Dead Sea Scroll Sect', in Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls, ed. H. Shanks, New York: Random House, 1993, pp. 35-49. It is widely known that the authors of the Dead Sea Scrolls never recognizably refer to themselves as "Essenes"—possibly due to the fact that they wrote mainly in Hebrew and Aramaic, whereas we have the term "Essenes" from Greek—but they do refer to themselves in various places as the "Zadokites"/"Sons of Zadok", which term is apparently identical to that by which the Sadducees identified themselves. Among other arguments for a Sadducean Essene origin, Schiffman also cites interpretations of the purity regulations which closely parallel Sadducean views recorded by the spiritual heirs of the Pharisees, who authored the Talmud.
  3. ↑ Johnson, Paul (1987). A History of the Jews. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-79091-4.

External links

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