Difference between revisions of "Jews in the Quran"

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'''Hoodan''' (English: "Hodite") is an adjective which describes a [[يهوديا]] (singular) and [[اليهود]] (plural) as a whole. The Hoodan (Hodite) belief is similar (with the exception of lip-service to Moses) to that of the proto-Hebrews (proto-[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeticism Hermeticism]) by the time he who became Abraham was born. They are the original Hebrew Heretics who would be called "Ger Sheker" in Hebrew. Much of the Hoodan religion is similar to the Netzarim (e.g. circumcision SB Book #1 Hadith #6 and using shrines as places of worship -SB Book #8 Hadith #427, SB Book #56 Hadith #660) or many other religions (Yahūdu keep hands on flanks while praying according to SB Book #56 Hadith #664 and do not dye grey hair SB Book #56 Hadith #668), and there is a report concerning a يهوديا who respected Moses (SB Book #41 Hadith #594 & #595, SB Book #55 Hadith #620 & #626), as well as one with a curiosity about Moses (SB Book #48 Hadith #849), and indeed Mahomed (PBUH) judges them according to Torah equity (e.g. SB Book #41, Hadith #596, SB Book #51 Hadith #9) but there is no need to go into the similarities because what the Quran does is to highlight the differences, and so it is to explore the differences that this essay is being written.
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='''الذين هادوا'''=
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The word for Judaism in the Quran is from the root الهَوْدُ meaning:
 +
:التَّوْبَةُ، هادَ يَهُودُ هوْداً وتَهَوَّد: تابَ ورجع إِلى الحق، فهو هائدٌ
 +
It comes from the root Hawdu = repentance; and is related to Tahawwda = to repent and return to the Truth = to become an adherent of the Laws of Moses
 +
:إِنَّا هُدْنَـا إِلَيْكَ
 +
:unto Thee have we turned in repentance!
 +
:7:156
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The one who does it is a Ha'id which is thus the correct Quranic Arabic word for a Jew. Jews in plural would be Hoodan, sadly this plural has been confused with a singular word of the same sound but completely different meaning which is the singular word for [[يهود|Delayers]] (who are NOT to be confused with Jews).
  
The Ger Sheker Hoodan (Hodite) belief of the يهود (Yahūdu) rejects Gabriel as an enemy (SB Book #55 Hadith #546, SB Book #58 Hadith #275, SB Book #60 Hadith #7) and is doomed for being based around the veneration of عزير (SB Book #93 Hadith #532s, SB Book #60 Hadith #105 and in Quran 9:30, [http://levinsky.academia.edu/AryeOlman/Papers/190914/_Uzair_As_a_Son_of_Allah_-_Understanding_of_One_Accusation Osiris according to Mohammed Magdi Bey, or a fallen angel according to Arye Olman], AlTabiri says the Quran is wrong to use the plural Yahūdu because according to him only Pinhas ben Azarya believed this) as the only begotten son of a "hand-fettered" depiction of Allah (Quran 5:64). It is important to note that despite similarity in sound, the Jews (Bani Israeel) are clearly '''NOT''' the Yahūdu. In fact Hoodan (Hodite) people are extremely vehement against orthodox believers (Quran 5:82) which includes vehemence against those who follow the laws of Moses such as the Bani Israeel. Some Hadith even report that when the Yahūdu are alone with a believer (even one of the Bani Israeel) they will think about killing the believer{{citation needed}}.
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Note well that it is a mistake to equate [[يهود|Delayers]] with Hebrews because the Quran makes it clear that Abraham was not a Delayer (يهوديا) while the Torah makes it clear that he who became Abraham was indeed a Hebrew (Genesis 14:13). This brings us onto a certain element which deserves a small discussion. The Prophet Hūd هود (PBUH) mentioned for example in 26.124 is usually identified as Eber, the eponymous ancestor of all the Hebrews is from a different root meaning to that of the Delayers; Hūd is a name that means: glory, splendor, nobilty, and honour. Therefore, the etymological root of Prophet Eber's Arabic name Hūd (PBUH) is from "[[Jews in the Quran|Repentance and Righteousness]]", not from "Delay".  
  
Ibn Hazm identified the Yahūdu as a sect of (Boethusian) Sadducees who worshipped Ezra. Ibn Hazm is also responsible for the development of the doctrine of Tahrif. It might be necessary to re-visit Ibn Hazm's writings to see if this is really what he intended.
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It may be that many generations after Prophet Eber, the Hebrews had deviated from the deen of Noah and that because of this deviation some of them came to be confused with the Delayers. Anyway it is certain that Abraham was sent as a messenger to the Hebrews as they were his own people, indeed Abraham was called a Hebrew, but not all of the Hebrews followed him as their new teacher. At least we know that equating prophet Hūd (PBUH) and the Hebrews with the [[يهود|Delayers]] is an oxymoron because as already stated, the Quran itself says that he who became Abraham was not a Delayer (يهودي) while the Torah does call him a Hebrew which certainly warns us that the etymology of Hud and Delayers are not to be related.
 
 
=Quran=
 
ود كثير من أهل الكتاب لو يردونكم من بعد إيمانكم كفارا حسدا من عند أنفسهم من بعد ما تبين لهم الحق
 
فاعفوا واصفحوا حتى يأتي الله بأمره إن الله على كل شيء قدير
 
وأقيموا الصلاة
 
وآتوا الزكاة
 
وما تقدموا لأنفسكم من خير تجدوه عند الله إن الله بما تعملون بصير
 
وقالوا
 
لن يدخل الجنة إلا من كان هودا أو نصارى
 
تلك أمانيهم قل
 
هاتوا برهانكم إن كنتم صادقين
 
بلى من أسلم وجهه لله وهو محسن فله أجره عند ربه ولا خوف عليهم ولا هم يحزنون
 
وقالت اليهود ليست النصارى على شيء وقالت النصارى ليست اليهود على شيء وهم يتلون الكتاب كذلك قال الذين لا يعلمون مثل قولهم فالله يحكم بينهم يوم القيامة فيما كانوا فيه يختلفون
 
ومن أظلم ممن منع مساجد الله أن يذكر فيها اسمه وسعى في خرابها أولئك ما كان لهم أن يدخلوها إلا خآئفين لهم في الدنيا خزي ولهم في الآخرة عذاب عظيم
 
ولله المشرق والمغرب فأينما تولوا فثم وجه الله إن الله واسع عليم
 
وقالوا "اتخذ الله ولدا سبحانه" بل له ما في السماوات والأرض كل له قانتون
 
بديع السماوات والأرض وإذا قضى أمرا فإنما يقول له كن! فيكون
 
وقال الذين لا يعلمون لولا يكلمنا الله أو تأتينا آية كذلك قال الذين من قبلهم مثل قولهم تشابهت قلوبهم قد بينا الآيات لقوم يوقنون
 
:2.109 - 2.118
 
Many of the People of Apocrypha long to make you disbelievers after your belief through envy on their identity's account after the truth hath become manifest unto them
 
Forgive and be indulgent until The DIVINE give command. Lo! The DIVINE is Able to do all things
 
Establish communion
 
and pay the poor-due
 
For whatever of good ye send before (you) for your Nafs ye will find it with The DIVINE. Lo! The DIVINE is Seer of what ye do
 
Though they say:
 
None entereth Paradise unless he be '''Hoodan''' or Netzarim
 
These are their own desires Say (O Ye Orthodox):
 
Bring your proof if ye are loyal
 
Nay but whosoever esalm his purpose to DIVINE while doing good his reward is with his MASTER and there shall no fear come upon them neither shall they grieve
 
Though the '''Yahūdu''' say the Netzarim follow nothing and the Netzarim say the '''Yahūdu''' follow nothing -while both are readers of Apocrypha!- even thus speak those who know not! The DIVINE will decide between them on the Day of Resurrection concerning that wherein they differ
 
and who doth greater wrong than he who forbiddeth the approach to the sanctuaries of The DIVINE lest should mention of HE be called therein? and who striveth for their ruin? As for such it was never meant that they should enter them except in fear. Theirs in the world is ignominy and theirs in the Hereafter is an awful doom
 
Unto DIVINE belong the East and the West and whithersoever ye turn there is The DIVINE's countenance Lo! The DIVINE is All-Embracing All-Knowing
 
Though they ('''Yahūdu''' & Netzarim) say: "The DIVINE Etakhadh a walid be it glorified!" Nay, The DIVINE's is WHATSOEVER is in the heavens and the earth. ALL are subservient unto HIM!
 
The Originator of the heavens and the earth! When it decreeth a thing it saith unto it only: Be! and it is
 
and those who have no knowledge say: Why doth not The DIVINE speak unto us or some sign come unto us? Even thus as they now speak spake those before them Their hearts are all alike WE (Sifatullah) have made clear the revelations for people who are sure.
 
 
 
=Sahih Bukhari=
 
Bukhari's Hadith disgracefully paint a very two faced picture of Mahomed (PBUH) towards the Yahūdu unlike the Quran which is 100% negative. The inconsistencies are 1) that Mahomed (PBUH) respects their Mosaic knowledge. 2) that Mahomed (PBUH) interacts with them kindly. 3) that Mahomed (PBUH) curses them.
 
 
 
http://www.searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=Jew+Judaism&translator=1&search=1&book=&start=0&records_display=100&search_word=any
 
 
 
Hadith (SB Book #53 Hadith #394) says that those who believed that the fire would not touch them except for a certain number of days are the the Yahūdu i.e. the أميون from among the Bani Israeel (Quran 2:78-80), and ...... not referring to the tribe of Judah also said that not all Israelites were Yahūdu. In some instances Ibn Hazm's assessment would seem to be true that they were a sect of Sadducees, but in other cases they appear to simple be Ger Sheker tribes of Amalekites insincerely converted to Judaism being greedy for elicit gain.
 
 
 
Yahūdu used to light fires (just like the Sadducees in opposition to the Pharisees) and shofar to announce the times for prayer (SB Book #11 Hadith #577, and SB Book #56 Hadith #663). Jews however do not do this.
 
 
 
The most holy month of the year for Hoodan (Hodite) people is Muharram (Iyyar), because of Ashura (SB Book #31 Hadith #222 SB Book #55 Hadith #609, SB Book #58 Hadith #278, SB Book #60 Hadith #202, SB Book #60 Hadith #261), a day of fasting on the 10th of Muharram to mourn the defeat of the Israelites over Egypt. It is falsely attributed to Mahomed (PBUH) that he adopted this fast from them. Jews however do not know this fast.
 
 
 
Those mentioned in the Holy Quran (3:181) as the people who used to kill their Prophets are according to traditional tafsir considered Yahūdu along with those guilty of consuming Suht (worst type of unlawful wealth).
 
 
 
Yahūdu poison their prophets in order to identify them (SB Book #71 Hadith #669). Jews however do not do this.
 
 
 
Yahūdu believe in the punishment of the grave (SB Book #75 Hadith #377) as do many religions.
 
 
 
Yahūdu think nothing of killing believers and take false oaths (SB Book #83 Hadith #37) Jews however consider every human to be in the image of God.
 
 
 
Yahūdu are not Muslims (Book #89 Hadith #302) it might be that the word Yahūdu was used to describe those who were not capable of Islam.
 
 
 
The Priests ('''ARABIC NEEDED''') of Yahūdu have made no just estimate of Allah such as due to him (SB Book #93 Hadith #604, SB Book #93 Hadith #510)
 
 
 
Yahūdu have priests ('''ARABIC NEEDED''') and a different Torah from the one used by Muslims e.g. blackening faces (SB Book #82 Hadith #809, SB Book #93 Hadith #633, SB Book #56 Hadith #829, SB Book #60 Hadith #79, Book #82 Hadith #825). Jews however do not do this.
 
 
 
Yahūdu revere politicians (Book #58 Hadith #277) '''ARABIC NEEDED'''.
 
 
 
Saturday is the Yahūdu day of weekly immersion (SB Book #13 Hadith #21, SB Book #56 Hadith #693). However, Friday is the day for weekly immersion among Torah observant Jews.
 
 
 
Sabi-Muslims are in danger of going into the ways of the Yahūdu (SB Book #56 Hadith #662) but then so are many people.
 
 
 
Yahūdu use 'Az-Zur' wigs (SB Book #56 Hadith #694) but then so do many people.
 
 
 
Yahūdu believe Balam is an Ox (Book #76 Hadith #527). Jews however never considered this.
 
 
 
Yahūdu and Netzarim ascribe Jesus as a partner to Allah (Book #63, Hadith #209). Jews however do not do this.
 
 
 
Yahūdu love to be praised for what they have not done (Tafsir on Quran 3.187-188 by SB Book #60 Hadith #91) but then so do many people.
 
 
 
Yahūdu believe in part of the scripture and disbelieve in other (Tafsir on Quran 15.90 by Book #60 Hadith #229) typical of a Ger Sheker.
 
 
 
Yahūdu and Netzarim are the greatest losers in respect to their deeds (Tafsir on Quran 18.103 by SB Book #60 Hadith #252)
 
 
 
Yahūdu wore Tailsans (SB Book #59 Hadith #519). Jews however do not do this.
 
 
 
Hoodan superstition concerning the origin of a squint (SB Book #60 Hadith #51). Jews however do not have this superstition.
 
 
 
Yahūdu preceded the Netzarim (SB Book 10 Hadith #533, SB Book #36 Hadith #468, #469, #471, SB Book #56 Hadith #665) as did Amalekitse but they are not Jews.
 
 
 
Yahūdu lived in Hijaz (SB Book #59 Hadith #371) Medina (SB Book #59 Hadith #362) Bait-ul-Midras (SB Book #53, Hadith #392) and Khaibar (SB Book #36 Hadith #485, SB Book #39 Hadith #524, SB Book #44 Hadith #678, SB Book #52 Hadith #195, SB Book #59 Hadith #510, SB Book #59 Hadith #550) until forced to go to Taima' and Ariha' (SB Book #39 Hadith #531, SB Book #50 Hadith #890, SB Book #53 Hadith #380). Jews however have no record of being in Arabia.
 
 
 
Yahūdu make profit from the fat ordained for burning in prayer (SB Book #34, Hadith #426, #427, & #438, SB Book #56 Hadith #666).
 
 
 
Yahūdu use magic (SB Book #66 Hadith #378, SB Book #71 Hadith #661). Jews however do not do this.
 
 
 
The allies of the Yahūdu are of them (Quran 5:51) e.g. the munafik Labid bin Al-A'sam, a man from Bani Zuraiq (SB Book #71 Hadith #660, SB Book #73 Hadith #89).
 
 
 
Yahūdu respect Hanif, the Milah of Abraham, as much as Netzarim do (SB Book #58, Hadith #169). However, Hanifa is not known to Jews.
 
 
 
Yahūdu greet with the phrase "As-Samu 'alaikum" (SB Book #74 Hadith #274, SB Book #84 Hadith #60, SB Book #84 Hadith #62, and similar versions in SB Book #73 Hadith #53 repeated in SB Book #52, Hadith #186 and Book #73 Hadith #57 and SB Book #74 Hadith #273) Jews however do not do this.
 
 
 
Yahūdu are bold, unkind, unfriendly (e.g. SB Book #41 Hadith #581, SB Book #65 Hadith #354) Jews however are generally friendly.
 
 
 
Yahūdu are Infidels (SB Book #53, Hadith #398 (See Vol. 9 Hadith No. 36). Jews however are monotheists.
 
 
 
==Yahūdu are Doomed==
 
Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Umar: Allah's Apostle said, "You (i.e. Muslims) will fight with the Yahūdu till some of them will hide behind stones. The stones will (betray them) saying, 'O 'Abdullah (i.e. slave of Allah)! There is a Hodite hiding behind me; so kill him.' "  (SB Book #52, Hadith #176)
 
 
 
Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle said, "The Hour will not be established until you fight with the Yahūdu, and the stone behind which a Hodite will be hiding will say. "O Muslim! There is a Hodite hiding behind me, so kill him."  (SB Book #52, Hadith #177)
 
 
 
Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Umar: I heard Allah's Apostle saying, "The Yahūdu will fight with you, and you will be given victory over them so that a stone will say, 'O Muslim! There is a Hodite behind me; kill him!' " (SB Book #56, Hadith #791)
 
 
 
=Sahih Muslim=
 
http://www.searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=Jew+Judaism&translator=2&search=1&book=&start=0&records_display=100&search_word=any
 
 
 
Yahūdu darken the faces of adulterers (SM Book #017 Hadith #4211)
 
 
 
Al-Bara' b. 'Azib reported: There happened to pass by Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) a Hodite blackened and lashed. Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) called them (the Yahūdu) and said: Is this the punishment that you find in your Book (Torah) as a prescribed punishment for adultery? They said: Yes. He (the Holy Prophet) called one of the scholars amongst them and said: I ask you in the name of Allah Who sent down the Torah on Moses if that is the prescribed punishment for adultery that you find in your Book. He said: No. Had you not asked me in the name of Allah, I would not have given you this information. We find stoning to death (as punishment prescribed in the Torah). But this (crime) became quite common amongst our aristocratic class. So when we caught hold of any rich person (indulging in this offence) we spared him, but when we caught hold of a helpless person we imposed the prescribed punishment upon him. We then said: Let us argree (on a punishment) which we can inflict both upon the rich and the poor. So We decided to blacken the face with coal and flog as a substitute punishment for stoning. Thereupon Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) said: O Allah, I am the first to revive Thy command when they had made it dead. He then commanded and he (the offender) was stoned to death. Allah, the Majestic and Glorious, sent down (this verse):" O Messenger, (the behaviour of) those who vie with one another in denying the truth should not grieve you..." up to" is vouchsafed unto you, accept it" (v. 41) 2176 It was said (by the Yahūdu): Go to Muhammad; it he commands you to blacken the face and award flogging (as punishment for adultery), then accept it, but it he gives verdict for stoning, then avoid it. It was (then) that Allah, the Majestic and Great, sent down (these verses):" And they who do not judge in accordance with what Allah has revealed are, indeed, deniers of the truth" (v. 44) ;" And they who do not judge in accordance with what Allah has revealed-they, they indeed are the wrongdoers" (v. 45) ;" And they who do not judge in accordance with what God has revealed-they are the iniquitous (v. 47). (All these verses) were revealed in connection with the non-believers.  (SM Book #017 Hadith #4214)
 
 
 
Yahūdu do black magic SM Book #026 Hadith #5428.
 
 
 
Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: If ten scholars of the Yahūdu would follow me, no Hodite would be left upon the surface of the earth who would not embrace Islam.  (Book #039, Hadith #6711)
 
 
 
SM Book #026 Hadith #5389 smply cannot be Sahih because it seems to encourage Muslims towards intimidation of Yahūdu. Unless the meaning of narrow path means the siratul-mustaqim.
 
 
 
Another which seems not Sahih is that Yahūdu and Netzarim are ransom for Muslims from Hell-fire (SM Book #037 Hadith #6666)
 
 
 
Ibn 'Umar reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: You will fight against the Yahūdu and you will kill them until even a stone would say: Come here, Muslim, there is a Hodite (hiding himself behind me) ; kill him.  (Book #041, Hadith #6981)
 
 
 
Ubaidullah has reported this hadith with this chain of transmitters (and the Words are):" There is a Hodite behind me."  (Book #041, Hadith #6982)
 
 
 
Abdullah b. 'Umar reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: You and the Yahūdu would fight against one another until a stone would say: Muslim, here is a Hodite behind me; come and kill him.  (Book #041, Hadith #6983)
 
 
 
Abdullah b. 'Umar reported that Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) said: The Yahūdu will fight against you and you will gain victory over them until the stone would say: Muslim, here is a Hodite behind me; kill him.  (Book #041, Hadith #6984)
 
 
 
Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: The last hour would not come unless the Muslims will fight against the Yahūdu and the Muslims would kill them until the Yahūdu would hide themselves behind a stone or a tree and a stone or a tree would say: Muslim, or the servant of Allah, there is a Hodite behind me; come and kill him; but the tree Gharqad would not say, for it is the tree of the Yahūdu.  (Book #041, Hadith #6985)
 
 
 
Abu Sa'id Khudri reported: Ibn Sa'id said to me somethhing for which I felt ashamed. He said: I can excuse others; but what has gone wrong with you, O Companions of Muhammad, that you take me as Dajjal? Has Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) not said that he would be a Hodite whereas I am a Muslim and he also said that he would not have children, whereas I have children, and he also said: veryly, Allah has prohibited him to enter Mecca whereas I have performed Pilgrimage, atid. he went on saying this that I was about to be impressed by his tallk. He (however) said this also: I know where he (Dajjal) is and I know his father abd I mother, and it was said to him: Won't you feel pleased if you would be the same person? Thereupon he said: If this offer is made to me, I would noT resent that.  (Book #041, Hadith #6995)
 
 
 
Anas b. Malik reported that Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) said: The Dajjal would be followed by seventy thousand Yahūdu of Isfahan wearing Persian shawls. (Book #041, Hadith #7034)
 
 
 
=Sahih Abudawud=
 
http://www.searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=Jew+Judaism&translator=3&search=1&book=&start=0&records_display=100&search_word=any
 
 
 
eat carrion (Book #15 Hadith #2813) Jews however do not do this.
 
 
 
like Sadducees do not pray in their sandals or their shoes. (Book #2, Hadith #0652) Jews however do not do this.
 
 
 
look at the House (the Ka'bah) and raise hands (for prayer). (Book #10, Hadith #1865) Jews however do not even worship at the Ka'bah.
 
 
 
stand up for a funeral until the corpse was placed in the grave. (Book #20, Hadith #3170)
 
 
 
practice magic (Book #28, Hadith #3874) Jews however do not do this.
 
 
 
wear two peyot (Book #33, Hadith #4185) just like normal Jews.
 
 
 
blacken faces of adulterers (Book #38, Hadith #4433) Jews however do not do this.
 
 
 
=Malik's Muwatta=
 
http://www.searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=Jew+Judaism&translator=4&search=1&book=&start=0&records_display=100&search_word=any
 
 
 
believe two angels rest on the shoulders of those with truth (Book #36, Hadith #36.1.2)
 
 
 
different Torah (Book #41, Hadith #41.1.1)
 
 
 
make incantation (ruqya) (Book #50, Hadith #50.4.11)
 

Latest revision as of 18:49, 9 October 2012

الذين هادوا

The word for Judaism in the Quran is from the root الهَوْدُ meaning:

التَّوْبَةُ، هادَ يَهُودُ هوْداً وتَهَوَّد: تابَ ورجع إِلى الحق، فهو هائدٌ

It comes from the root Hawdu = repentance; and is related to Tahawwda = to repent and return to the Truth = to become an adherent of the Laws of Moses

إِنَّا هُدْنَـا إِلَيْكَ
unto Thee have we turned in repentance!
7:156

The one who does it is a Ha'id which is thus the correct Quranic Arabic word for a Jew. Jews in plural would be Hoodan, sadly this plural has been confused with a singular word of the same sound but completely different meaning which is the singular word for Delayers (who are NOT to be confused with Jews).

Note well that it is a mistake to equate Delayers with Hebrews because the Quran makes it clear that Abraham was not a Delayer (يهوديا) while the Torah makes it clear that he who became Abraham was indeed a Hebrew (Genesis 14:13). This brings us onto a certain element which deserves a small discussion. The Prophet Hūd هود (PBUH) mentioned for example in 26.124 is usually identified as Eber, the eponymous ancestor of all the Hebrews is from a different root meaning to that of the Delayers; Hūd is a name that means: glory, splendor, nobilty, and honour. Therefore, the etymological root of Prophet Eber's Arabic name Hūd (PBUH) is from "Repentance and Righteousness", not from "Delay".

It may be that many generations after Prophet Eber, the Hebrews had deviated from the deen of Noah and that because of this deviation some of them came to be confused with the Delayers. Anyway it is certain that Abraham was sent as a messenger to the Hebrews as they were his own people, indeed Abraham was called a Hebrew, but not all of the Hebrews followed him as their new teacher. At least we know that equating prophet Hūd (PBUH) and the Hebrews with the Delayers is an oxymoron because as already stated, the Quran itself says that he who became Abraham was not a Delayer (يهودي) while the Torah does call him a Hebrew which certainly warns us that the etymology of Hud and Delayers are not to be related.