Islam originated from the fusion of two competing religions once present among the Ishmaelites. One of the religions was Sabian-Saracen Hanifism (Paulician) and the other was Ishmaelite-Judaic Hagarism (Paulian-Tondraki).

Hanifism is a word used to describe the Messianic religion of certain Fertile Crescent Baptists (Sabians) sometimes referred to as Abrahamists or Hanafite Christians. Maslama bin Habib and his Banu Hanifa played major roles in the movement. These were the so-called "Paulicians" from whom originates the ancient original Johannite tradition of Hormuz (Ormus). As Persians, their word for Jesus is Ieso and their word for John is Yahia.

Apostatian?

Although they simply called themselves "believers", they are best distinguished by their perculiar use of the slur "Hanifian" (Apostatian) to refer to Abraham intending to give hope to people from Apostate (especially Manichean) backgrounds thereby sanitising the insult which was regularly applied to them as Acephali by the Christian Hierarchies which they rejected.

Inscriptions and Poetry

These Baptists left plenty of rock inscriptions in Arabi Mubeen but most of their doctrine comes from a certain 7th century Persian Charismatic called Gabriel.

The Hebrew Term MaHmad

The Biblical Mahmad (מחמד) is Israel's "Treasure" mentioned in:

Hosea 9:6, God's Temple (Mahmad) will be overtaken by nettles

Lamentations 1:10, God's Temple (Mahmad) will be trampled by the Gentiles

Isaiah 64:11, God's Temple (Mahmad) is laid waste

Joel 3:5, God's Temple (Mahmad) will be misappropriated by Gentiles

and especially Ezekiel 24:16-25 God will take away Israel's Mahmad (God's Temple).

Christian references to Jesus's appearance as the Temple of God occur in:

John 2:19,

Matt 27:40,

Mark 14:58,

Matt 26:61

and Rev 21:22

In plural form the Hebrew word Mahmad becomes Mahamadim. This plural form refers to a minimum of three rather than just one nor only a plural of two. Mahamadim is Israel's Bridegroom in Song of Solomon 5:16.

Christian references to Jesus's appearance as the Bridegroom occur in Matt 9:15 and Mark 2:19-20.

The Arabic Quran explicitly links AlMasih ibn Marym and Muhammad together when it says: مَّا الْمَسِيحُ ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ إِلاَّ رَسُولٌ قَدْ خَلَتْ مِن قَبْلِهِ الرُّسُلُ "No one is the Messiah ibn Marym but Ministry before whom all other ministries have certainly passed." (5:75) and clarifies this elsewhere by saying: مَا مُحَمَّدٌ إِلاَّ رَسُولٌ قَدْ خَلَتْ مِن قَبْلِهِ الرُّسُلُ "No one is God's Temple but Ministry before whom all other ministries have certainly passed. So what if that Ministry died or was killed? Are you going to turn back on your heels? Even so, he who turns back on his heels will never harm the divine Father at all; but the divine Father will reward the grateful."(3:144)

These Baptists believed the Father's name had become flesh as the Messiah Jesus Mary's Son Rasul of the Father's physical Appearance (Divine Temple) which these Baptists called Mahmad (not to be confused with the Arabian Nabi) and so were also referred to as tribes of Mahmad. The term was written Muhmd by Anonymous, Mhmt by Thomas the Presbyter, Mahmet by Sebeos, but just Memed by John of Damascus.

For the Hagarenes this term really only referred to the Temple rather than the appearance of Jesus.

The Quraysh (Association)

Mahmad's Baptists distinguished themselves slightly from those with whom they had a covenant as an Association (Quraysh) who they called Musulman despite regarding them as most prone to hypocrisy and disbelief.

"Hanifs" were also called Ansari and associated with the Lakhmid or Ibadis of Iraq like Khadijah and Waraqah. Other influential "Hanifs" from Patriarchal Churches included Bahira, Sarjis Ben Saidah, and Maslamah bin Habib none of whom ever dared refer to themselves as Mahmad being a Biblical Hebrew term for God's Temple. Hanifism believed only the Messiah's Shubiha to mankind can be considered to be "Mahmad" and rejected everyone else who claimed to be a Mahmad after the Messiah's Shubiha to mankind.

In their Association (Quraysh) the Umayyads can be identified as Judaizers known as Ha-Garim (Hagarenes) under the Spiritual guidance of Kaʽb al-Aḥbār. They opposed ascribing any kind of uncommon divinity to Allah's Rasul. The Baptists called them Judases and regarded them as potential traitors.

Their beliefs are very similar to the Tondrakians.

Babylonia Aramaic Ma'amad or Mahamad

Ma'amad (מַעֲמָד meaning support/status/class/position) a type of Jewish leadership described in the Talmud.

http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10222-ma-amad

https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ma-amad-or-mahamad

The descriptions provided by Sebeos and John of Damascus are consistent with this meaning.

The policy of the ma'amad tended to be conservative and authoritarian in the extreme. On completion of its term of office the ma'amad itself appointed its successors (Khalifat).

Kaʽb al-Aḥbār certainly represents at least one of the probably 7 heads of the Mahamad. The current London Mahamad has 5 heads.

Targum Musalamai

Concerning the term "Muslim" which means "submitter", it should be noted that in the Torah, everywhere the word "Kenite" is used, it is translated to Aramaic by Onkelos as Salamai or Muslamai or Musalamai. Some suggest this refers to the great numbers of non-Jewish believers who came to sacrifice the Qurban Shlamim in Jerusalem together with the Jews indicating an origin as Judaizers from Herodian Times.

Mishna

This could explain how some of the Mishna entered into the Quranic materials such as for example reference to the seven Mesani meaning the Sheva Mitzvot of Noah: Surat Al-Hijr 15.87 "And We have bestowed upon thee the Sheva Mitzvot and the Grand Qur'an." Surat Az-Zumar 39.23 "Allah has revealed the most beautiful Message in the form of a Book, consistent with the Sheva Mitzvot."

This is what the Mishna refers to as the religion of Noah which is confirmed in Surat Ash-Shura 42.13, "He has laid down the same religion for you as He enjoined on Noah: that which We have revealed to you and which We enjoined on Abraham, Moses and Jesus: 'Establish the religion and do not make divisions in it.' What you call the associators to follow is very hard for them. Allah chooses for Himself anyone He wills and guides to Himself those who turn to Him."

Noahism

It should be emphasised that the religion of the Muslims was therefore Noahism not Hanifism. But the Believers and the Noahites were united for a while in their struggle to carve out an empire and then later they merged to form a new religious community.

Prelude

The Baptists considered the closest to themselves in their Association (Quraysh) to be the Nestorians (who say Allah's Rasul is a partnership between the divine and its creation) but did not take them as allies. The Baptists referred to any Church which established a communion with Dyophysites as Nestorian. Hagarenes in contrast have always appeared closer to Jews.

602 Al-Hira

Ignorant Iyas ibn Qabisah al-Ta'i is appointed governor of Al-Hira under Nakhiragan.

604 Evictions in Nusaybis

The Association (Quraysh) welcomed the Persian Church's Chivalric Families who were evicted from Mt Izla Monastery in Nusaybis by Babai "the Great" in 604AD for opposing Babai's introduction of celibate monasticism there. Salman the Persian was probably one of them.

604 "George"

The Nestorian Catholicos Mar Sabrisho I died and a new Catholicos had to be elected. The choice fell between two men named Gregory: Bishop Gregory of Nisibis and Professor Gregory of Seleucia. King Khosrau II, the Sassanid emperor, stated only that his preferred candidate was Gregory, possibly meaning the bishop. The king's influential wife Shirin, however, disliked Gregory of Nisibis and preferred Gregory of Seleucia, who had once been her steward. The Synod (council) rejected the king's initial candidate, taking advantage of the ambiguity of name, and chose Gregory of Seleucia, who became Mar Gregorius I. The king was accordingly displeased, and reluctantly supported the elected candidate (after applying a hefty fine to him), and said, Patriarch he is and patriarch he shall be – but never again do I allow another election.

Phocas Evicts Jews

In 604 Byzantine Emperor Phocas evicts the Romaniotes. Many flee to Persia and Dacia.

Third Council of Dvin

The Third Council of Dvin was a Caucasian Church council held in 607 (or 609-610) in the city of Dvin (then in Sasanian Armenia). It appoints Abraham I as Catholicoi of the See of Etchmiadzin but opens the door to Sabellian-Modalism, Tritheism and especially Eutychian-Adoptionism (Miaphysitism). Many become Sabian Acephali at this point instead.

608 Nestorian Catholicosate Abolished

When the Catholicos Gregorius died a few years later in 608, the bishops made the usual request to the king to allow them to elect a new Catholicos, but Khosrau had not forgotten the events of the previous election and refused them leave to do so. The royal physician Gabriel of Shiggar, a staunch Miaphysite, suggested to make Henana of Adiabene or one of his students Catholicos, and also used his influence with the king to prevent an election.

Khosrow issues his decree from on high that all the Christians of his empire should unite in religion.

Romans defeated

609 Khosrow II of Persia with Sadducee armies defeats Phocas's Romans.

612 Synod of Khosrow

Khosrow II held an Eastern Church Colloquy in 612.

The Last King of the Lakhmids

Mahmad's Baptists did not come into focus until an influential person, possibly (according to Mel of Sneaker's Corner) Iyas ibn Qabisa of Tayyaye being Khosrow II's Nestorian Client in AlHira over the Lakhmid, joined their movement as a Mursal being a Nabi of the Rasul (Hitveadut). This leader was married to a Nestorian called Khadijah by her cousin a Nestorian Priest called Waraqah. As leader in Al-Hira over the Lakhmid he could have been called Melkhamed. In the following century many Arabs had already begun to promote him as their Messiah and changed his title from Melkhamed to Mohamed. But to do so they had to diminish the importance of the Christian Messiah and in doing so a new religion was born.

613 Eclipse

After the Romans were defeated, and a solar eclipse, a Sabian Hymnodist called Gabriel arrives in Hira and begins to teach his Hymns in Arabi-Mubeen predicting Roman victory within 10 years.

If the splitting of the moon does not refer to an Eclipse it could refer instead so some kind of occultation hence the adoption of the Sasanian Star and Crescent. But the timing and the location of that occultation has yet to be identified.

616 Copts & Syriacs

Coptic Pope Anastasius of Alexandria establishes communion with the Sabellian Patriarch Athenasius Gamolo of the (formerly Tritheist) Syriac Orthodox Church.

Later it seems Zoroastrians and Polytheists were also welcomed into the same Association (Quraysh).

First Hijra 617

Long before all that would happen, the Lakhmid ruler was ousted from Al-Hira by Azadbeh's Parsigs in 617AD against whom he thus began to plot his revenge. He petitioned the King of Abyssinia for some land which he was granted around Yathrib in the Hejaz. Pretending to be the last Lakhmid he began secret infiltration along the Roman and Persian boarders with Monophysite Ansar from Yemen and joining the Heraclian revolutionaries.

The Banu Hanifa sought asylum in the Severian Tewahedo Kingdom of Negash in Abyssinia which eventually settled them in the Tihamah of Hejaz (Mecca and Yathrib).

Since the Acephalian Banu Hanifa were Acephalic Severians, the difference between them and Abyssinia's Cephalic Severians (regarded by the Hanifs as "Nestorians" after the Coptic Pope entered communion with the Eutychian-Miaphysite Patriarch Gamolo in 616AD) is described as no more than a stick (a Bishop's Staff) because the Banu Hanifa had originally followed the same Coptic Popes that Abyssinia did but following their adoption of Hanifism now lacked Episcopy

618 Egypt

Khosrau II of Persia invades Egypt.

Independent Hatra

George Arsas brought forward the eruption of the Saracens in rebellion because of the treachery of John the Almsgiver in 618/619. The Monophysite Ansar from Yemen established in Hatra were soon able to assert their independence.

Second Hijra 622

In the 660s, Sebeos tells us that when Heraclius captured Edessa in 622 the Jews fleeing from Edessa claimed asylum in the new Medina (Hatra) but initially failed to win any allies to their cause until Judaizing the Ishmaelies on the ideas of a learned Mahmet scholar who arrived in the New Medina later that year.

Monoenergism vs Paulician Acephali

A Sabi (Baptist) did present the faith to Heraclius as the Hadiths claim but there was no leader by the name of Muhammad mentioned the Byzantine version of the story. https://sunnah.com/bukhari/1/7 Ghassanid King sends Acephalian Messenger, Paul, to discuss Christology with victorious Dyophysite Heraclius in Jerusalem who writes to Sergius about it. In fact, the belief presented was Monophysitsm and the presenter was called Paulic (its adherents came to be called Paulician by the Byzantines ever since).

"When the Emperor Heraclius in the course of the war which he began about 619, came to Theodosiopolis (Erzeroum) in Armenia (about 622), a Monophysite named Paul, a leader of the Acephali, made a speech before him in favour of his heresy. The emperor refuted him with theological arguments, and incidentally made use of the expression "one operation" of Christ."

At first it seems no one really knew what Heraclius meant. The standard Muslim narrative says that Heraclius himself was actually convinced at first but eventually changed his mind due to pressure from his Nobles.

Gabriel's visit

Some time after that the monophysite-polyenergist Gabriel is said to have visited the new Medina to test his bilingual students. The accusation that the Quranic materials were being taught by just a man came to which the response was that his language was foreign while the materials were in clear devotional language.

Source https://sunnah.com/muslim/1/1

Apparently the possibility that Gabriel also spoke that language was ruled out perhaps simply because Gabriel claimed no ability in the Lisan Arabi Mubeen.

This it seems the Nabis (which still included Maslama bin Habib at this point) presented themselves as interpreters of ecclesiastical poems for Sabi Apostles which Gabriel taught allegedly being not his own compositions but from Christ's Angel through the Spiritual gift of Glossolalia alone by the power of the Father's name.

Dhū-Qār 624

Ibn Abu Qabsah is said to have finally got his revenge against Azadbeh on the Day of Dhū-Qār in the Makah vicinity just north of Hira a few months after Badr in 624.

But until his death the Lakhmid King was still just one of many Nabis of the Sabi-Hanifism who had learned Gabriel's Ecclesiastical poetry.

626-628 Oppressing Dyoenergism

In the end, Heraclius came up with Dyophysite-Monoenergism.

Heraclius imposed his Dyophysite-Monoenergism in reconqueried Armenia and other Eastern Provinces.

Many Monophysites (especially modalists) accepted his terminology. But the Pahlavi Baptists were more cautious.

Later in 626 he inquired of Cyrus, Bishop of Phasis and metropolitan of the Lazi, whether his terminology was correct. "Cyrus was uncertain, and by the emperor's order wrote to Sergius the Patriarch of Constantinople, whom Heraclius greatly trusted, for advice. Sergius in reply sent him a letter said to have been written by Mennas of Constantinople to Pope Vigilius and approved by the latter, in which several authorities were cited for one operation and one will. This letter was afterwards declared to be a forgery and was admitted to be such at the Sixth General Council."

Siroe (Kavad II)

Khosrow II was overthrown in 628 and was replaced by the rather Monophysite Byzantine Emperor Maurice's grandson Kavad II in Old Medina who appointed Heraclius regent over his son when he died.

The Critical Years of 628-630

Understanding the chronology of what happened next is essential.

It seems first that the Ghassanid Monophysite Church entered a brief union with Heraclius.

But then the Nestorians were allowed to establish their own Catholicos again greatly upsetting the Monophysites. Many would have joined the Acephali in protest against the Ghassanid Patriarch at this time.

Heraclius proclaimed himself "Basileus" in 629 the first Greek since the Seleucids to be Persia's King of Kings greatly upsetting the Pahlavis by forcing the Armenian Catholicos Ezras into communion.

The Nestorian Catholicos Ishoʿyahb II of Gala entered communion with Byzantium in 630.

The Monophysite Church immediately broke communion with Heraclius and established a Maphrian of all the East to oppose the Nestorian Catholicos. This may have been to appease their congregations who were no doubt furious about being united to the Nestorians.

At the same time the Pahlavis had different ideas and rejected Heraclius's regency over Kavodh's young son Ardashir whom they established on the throne instead triggering the chain of events which soon led to Arab supremacy in the region. There was nothing supernatural about it.

The Pasigs vs Pahlavi Civil War

Heraclius's responded by instigating a civil war between the Parsigs and Pahlavis while this is the time associated with the Conquest of Makah in the standard narrative, no doubt having been armed by the Pahlavis to use as infantry against the Parsigs.

Heraclius sent the Zoroastrian Shahrbaraz to kill the Monophysite Christian Child-Prince Ardashir and crucify his Christian supporters. Shahrbaraz established himself on the throne in 630 but was quickly replaced by the Monophysite Christian Borandokht who was in turn dethroned by Parsing Shapur followed by her own half-sister the Zoroastrian Azarmidokht. Azarmidokht was opposed by the Pahlavi Farrukh whom she executed then Farrukh's son Rostam who executed her and restored Borandokht to the throne in 631. But the Parsigs did not give up and had her strangled in 632.

632 Abu Turab's Term

Abu Turab's reign was diminished in importance by the rise of the Judaizers.

The Alids

A truce between the Pasigs and Pahlavis was reached and Yazdegard was established on the throne in 632 as a compromise between the two parties. His daughter Shahrbonu was wed to the Lakhmid King's son in law Ali who ruled from Al-Hira after him until his assassination in 661.

Ali and al-Hanafiyyah

The curious story of Khawlah bint Ja'far.

Abu Turab's Tome

According to our Thesis, Ali represented Hanifism as Islam had not yet been invented. According to our theory it was Abu Bakr, and Umar then Uthman who laid the ground work for the establishment of the Book of the Arabs and the Religion of the Arabs created under Abdul Malik.

The "Tome" is the original Syro-Aramaic Johannite Tome of the Paulicians that Ali offered to his predecessors but which they rejected in favour of the partly goat-eaten Hafsa Mushaf. Ali's is also the same version which was defended by ibn Mansur and his supporters whom Uthman had killed.

The "Tome" in question explains how Pope Martin could have been charged with granting the Saracens their "Tome" as it would not have been vastly different from the Dyoenergists at this point who were all working together against the anti-Dyoenergism of the 7th century Byzantine Emperors.

Leo III refers to how Abu Turab and Salmani Fars and Umar all contributed material to the Book of the Arabs.

632 Rivalry: Arabs vs Pahlavi Alids

Although Ali and the Pahlavis had made their deal with the Pasigs, the Pahlavi Alids faced political opposition from the more Judaized Nestorians Arabs of Abu Bakr, Aisha, Umar, Hafsa and the Umayyads.

Abu Bakr was probably a Judaized Nestorian Ishmaelite under the guidance of Kaʽb al-Aḥbār. He took much delight in announcing in 632 "Those who follow Muhammad, know that he is dead. As for those who follow The Father, know that he is alive forever!"

Source http://sunnah.com/bukhari/23/5

Kaʽb al-Aḥbār and his followers set about the difficult task to replace the idea that Jesus was God's temple if there was to be any hope of rebuilding a Shrine for the Jews on the Temple Mount.

While the Imam in Al-Hira was the dead king's son in law Ali the defacto political leader, Abu Bakr, began to make changes to Hanifism. Shoot sources indicate that Abu Bakr was nothing more than Umar's stooge and that Umar himself was heavily influenced by Kaʽb al-Aḥbār.

Abu Bakr set about consolidating his power and killed the Sabian Nabis who stood in his way. Abu Bakr, sought to reverse the influence of the Sabians by executing Maslama bin Habib and subjugating the Banu Hanifa. But Ali is said to have sympathised with them taking their princess as his bride.

Abu Bakr's MusHaf

The standard narrative says that Zaid ibn Thabit was first ordered to set about collecting Quranic materials during the reign of Abu Bakr when heavily pregnant Fatima refused to hand her MusHaf over to Umar even when he kicked the door down on her. There is no reason to believe that Abu Bakr thought that Gabriel the Persian was nothing more than a poet.

633 The Battle of Hira

When Khaled took Amgheshiya in 633, Azadbeh's army stood outside Hira before losing everything later that year.

Zionism

In the 660s, Sebeos mentions a Mahmet Torah Scholar inciting Judaized Ishmaelies to take the Holy land and how they organised their approach. It is very possible that Sebeos was confusing Mahmet with Kaʽb al-Aḥbār.

Nestorians petition Abu Bakr

The Chronicle of Seert, probably written in the ninth century, records two approaches to the Muslims from the Nestorian Church. The first by Ishoʿyahb's emissaries to Abu Bakr (632–4).

At times the first Arab conquests were led – in a noteworthy paradox – under a flag bearing a cross (Alichoran, 1996: 86)

634 Umar

The Nestorians made a second approach this time by Ishoʿyahb himself to the caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab (634–44). ʿUmar is said to have granted the Church of the East a charter of protection.

Some of the Saracen leaders mentioned during Umar's name are referred to by similar names such as Amr. The standard narrative is that they represent different people but it might not necessarily be the historical case.

However, the standard narrative places Umar under the influence of Kaʽb al-Aḥbār while Amr was more impressed by the Coptic Pope Benjamin.

Calendar

According to the standard narrative, Ramadan had always coincided with the Fast of Adam and Eid ulAzhar had always coincided with Passover preparations until 632. But neglecting intercalations for the 12 Lunar Months the calendar had slipped forward two whole months against the Solar year by the time Umar came to power in 634. Umar opted to stay with 12 lunar months instead of returning to the system of intercalation used until 632.

Rav. Ben Abrahamson has indicated that this may have been as a result of Kaʽb al-Aḥbār's influence who represented a sect of Jews who had opposed Hillel II's Hebrew calendar.

Censorship

In 634 Heraclius forbade further discussion of energism.

634 Tayyaye d'Mhmt

In 640, Thomas the Presbyter reported that the "Tayyaye d-Mhmt" were fighting with Romans 12 miles east of Gaza in 634.

Sophronius

In his 634 Christmas Sermon, the hardcore Dyophysite Sophronius mentions that the "Godless" Saracens had taken Bethlehem and that is what you get when you don't respect Baptism.

634 Carthage Doctrina Yacobi

Byzantine propaganda attempts to break down relations between Jews and the Judaized Ishmaelite Nestorians.

"What can you tell me about the prophet who has appeared with the Saracens?" He replied, groaning deeply: "He is false, for the prophets do not come armed with a sword."

It concludes that Jews should side with Byzantine Christianity instead.

635 Ctesiphon

Ctesiphon surrenders to Umar.

636 Fragment

"Muhmd and many people were slain"

637 Jerusalem

Sophronius the Dyophysite hands Jerusalem over to Umar.

The Temple Mount Masjid

Umar asked Kaʽb al-Aḥbār "Where do you advise me to build a place of worship?" Ka‘b indicated the Temple Rock, now a gigantic heap of ruins from the temple of Jupiter.[5] The Jews, Ka‘b explained, had briefly won back their old capital a quarter of a century before (when Persians overran Syria), but they had not had time to clear the site of the Temple, for the Byzantines (Rūm) had recaptured the city. It was then that Umar ordered the rubbish on the Temple Rock to be removed by the Nabataeans, and after three showers of heavy rain had cleansed the Rock, he instituted prayers there. Umar is said to have fenced it.

Rav. Ben Abraham son has said that Jews began to keep lamps burning outside of the wooden structure at that time.

638

The timid Pope Honorius dies. Sergius of Constantinople dies. Sophronius dies. Dyophysite Heraclius outlaws discussion of Dyoenergism. The Muslims are alleged to have attempted to seat the Monothelite Bishop Sergius of Jaffa as the Patriarch of Jerusalem. Umar establishes the Dyoenergist Monophysite Armenian Patriarch Abraham I as Patriarch of Jerusalem.

639 Egypt

The standard narrative says that Amr ibn al-As joined the companions of the Arabian Nabi in 629. However, historical sources say that Amr said he "had never seen such an impressive man of God as" the Coptic Pope Benjamin.

644 Emir Umayr

An 874 manuscript titled Disputation of John and the Emir it is recorded that on the 9th of May 644, and the Emir Umayr ibn Sad al-As arise invited the Syria Orthodox Patriarch John III of the Sedre to explain the Byzantine faith to him. The Byzantine praised his efforts. At the Emir's request, John also had the Gospel translated from Syriac into Arabic by Arab Christians from the Banu Uqayl, Tanukh, and Tayy tribes. It is alleged that the emir had initially demanded that mentions of the name of Christ, the baptism, and the Cross be removed from the translation, but relented following John's refusal. The request to remove the title Christ and the Cross indicates the Emir was influenced by Judaism. He did not believe Jesus was Christ and did not want the Jews blamed for crucifixion.

644 Uthman

Uthman succeeds Umar.

Uthman's Mushaf (650s)

According to the standard narrative, Uthman ordered all Quranic materials to be burned except for the "Quraysh" version written by Zaid ibn Thabit. He also killed the supporters of Ibn Mansur who opposed his decision.

Pope Martin of Gaza

It is likely that if there is any truth at all to the charge that Pope Martin granted the Saracens their Tome that it refers to the original Book of the Alids and not to Uthman's redacted Book of the Arabs. Again concerning the charge of supplying money to them. It may have been to the Alids cause to overthrown the Umayyads.

653 Paulicianism

Paulic, the Armenian from the Saracen Empire converts Constantine-Silvanus. Paulicians Baptists have a dualistic attitude towards created flesh so believe that Jesus is an uncreated Spirit like a human but wholly divine in origin with no human flesh taken from Mary's body and subordinate to God the Father.

The Paulicians were branded as Jews, Mohammedans, Arians, and Manichean (Hanifian). It is possible that their opponents employed such "pejorative" appellations merely as terms of abuse. They called themselves "Believers".

655 Battle of Masts

656 Tashih

Both Sebeos and a Chinese source concerning events preceeding 656 mention the Titular land of the new West Persian (Po-ssu) Kingdom as Tashih or Tachkastan. The word Tajiklar is still the Turkish name for Kurdish Alevis. The Chinese source calls the rulers of the land Mo-shou (Musulman). The word Tajik was originally used to designate Persian Sufis.

The word Tajik may be related to the word Tarsak meaning God-fearer. The Muslims were told not to attack anyone in war who declared "Metras".

656 The First Fitna

As soon as the Caliph and Imam had secured their kingdom they began to fight each other. In 656 Muawiya succeeded Uthman and stepped up Arab opposition to the Alids Pahlavis which his predecessors had subdued.

660 Kibossa

Coinciding with the escape of many Alians from Muawiya, Constantine-Silvanus establishes a Paulician community at Armenian Kibosa. It may be the only Sabian colony to have successfully established itself in the Anatolian-Roman Imperial province of Armenia under the full scrutiny of the Byzantines, therefore providing a unique peep into what at least the Alian Saracens probably believed at that time.

Alevis believe they descend from Paulicians.

661 Muawiya crowned in Jerusalem

Cross taken off Drachma.

Treaty

Muawiya of Quraysh forced the Alids imamates underground and ended the civil wars for 20 years which resumed when the imamate tried to raise its head again upon Muawiya's death in 680. After killing Hussein many Quraysh repented and punished themselves.

Sebeos 660s

Sebeos covers the rise of the Ishmaelies from their Judaization in 622 to the ascendancy of Muawiya.

2nd Imam Hassan 661-670

666

Muawiyah praises Lahut but derides Nasut.

3rd Imam Hussein 670-680

680 Yazid I

About the time of Yazid I the 6th Ecumenical Council of 680/681 approved Dyoenergism and condemned Tritheism.

The Kaysanite 4th Imam

The Kaysanites agreed with Al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi of Kufa that Ali's son Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah should succeed Hussain as the 4th Imam.

683 Muawiya II

684 Marwan

John Maron begins to convert the Maronites.

685 Abdul Malik

685 Mukhtar's Severian uprising against Abdul Malik. 686 Zubayr rebels against Severians. 687 Abdul Malik crushes rebellion and establishes Ishmaelism. 690 John of Nikiu mentions "the Beast that is (false) Muhammad".

Unification

Abdul Malik was the first to attempt to unite all of the Arabs by devising a new Religion for the Arabs by incorporating many ideas even from the 6th Ecumenical Council.

Hajjaj

Abdul Malik orders Hajjaj to prepare Uthman's book for the composition of the Quran. Hajjaj encourages people to "compose the Quran the same way Gabriel did" using certain materials.

691 Nestorian Catholicos Hananisho

Catholicos, Hnanicho, encountered 'Abd-al-Malik who asked him, 'What do you think of the Arab religion?' to which the Catholicos replied: 'It is a religion established by the sword, and not a faith confirmed by divine miracles, as with the Christianity and like the old law of Moses.' At first Abdul Malik wanted to have his tongue cut out but changed his mind instead to prohibit him from ever seeing him again.

From Abdul Malik's point of view his religion was very tolerant towards the Nestorians and he expected more appreciation.

It is possible the comments of the Catholicos are responsible for Abdul Malik's change in direction.

692

The Quinsext Council opens a schism again between Byzantium on one side against the Roman Papacy and the Maronite Patriarchate of Antioch together on the other side.

Dome of the Rock

There is no indication anywhere in the Dome if the Rock inscriptions that the Umayyads believed Jesus had escaped death on the cross.

700 Abu HaShem the 5th Imam

Under their 5th Imam, Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah , the Kaysanites became the Hashimite Alevis.

705 Al-Walid I

715 Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik

716 Rise Of The Abbasids

The founder of the Abbasid dynasty was Muhammad Al-Imam who took control in 716. It is possible that this is the contemporary Mehmed referred to by John of Damascus as leading the Ishmaelies. He tried to unite the Kaysanites and the Sunnis.

Under Abbasid influence a new Quran using materials from the Umayyads "book of the Arabs" and from the Kaysanites Ahsana al-Hadith was composed.

717 Umar II

In a Letter Sent to the Omeyade Calif Umar II, Leo III the Isaurian wrote :

"It was ‘Umar, Abu Turab and Salman the Persian who composed your Furqan, even though the rumour has got around among you that God sent it down from the heavens…. As for your [Book], you have already given us examples of such falsifications and one knows among others of a certain Hajjaj, named by you as governor of Persia, who had men gather your ancient books, which he replaced by others composed by himself according to his taste and which he disseminated everywhere in your nation, because it was easier by far to undertake such a task among a people speaking a single language. From this destruction, nonetheless, there escaped a few of the works of Abu Turab, for Hajjaj could not make them disappear completely."

It seems that Leo III made serious investigations about the Quran. He may have gained his knowledge from the Paulicians of Genesius Timothy whom he protected. He identified key companions by name , and he even knew that Hajjaj The General of Abdel Malik Ibn Marwan intoduced some changes to the Quran, a fact attested in muslim sources like "The Book of Masahif" of Ibn Abi Dawood.

The only way that the Umayyad caliph Umar II could respond to debate was by dismissing the Bible as corrupt and prohibiting Nestorians from studying the Islamic Quran.

747 Pavlikeni

According to Theophanes, part of the Paulicians of Armenia were moved to Thrace, in 747, to strengthen the Bulgarian frontier with a reliable population. They grew to assist Godfrey of Bouillon as the "Publicani" during the Crusades and even establish their own Primate Basil I of Bulgaria in 1186 to crown Asena I and consecrate their "Church of St. Demetrius" in Tarnovo.

750 The Umayyad Retreat

The Abbasids did their best to eradicate any Umayyad legacy. Unwelcome by the Exilarch, many Umayyad Jews attempted to preserve themselves from the Abbasid wrath in a plethora of odd sects (Sadducees, Boethusians, Ananites, Isunians, Yudghanites, ‘Ukabarites, Mishawites, etc.) while the Judeo-Islamic Umayyads and their Mahamad continued to rule in Cordoba, Spain until the year 1030. The Judeo-Sufi dynasty of Maimonides also arose in Cordoba. Early Spanish copies of the Quran might expose differences between the Umayyad Qurans and the Abbasid Qurans.

781 Timothy I of Baghdad

Timothy provides us with perhaps the first documented exegesis of the Abbasid Quran.

Many standard Islamic Doctrines seem to have emerged as attempts to respond to Timothy's exegesis.