Difference between revisions of "Abbasids"

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Hanifism is a word used to describe the Messianic religion of certain Fertile Crescent Baptists (Sabians) sometimes referred to as Abrahamists or Hanafite Christians.

Apostatian?

Although they simply called themselves "believers", they are best distinguished by their perculiar use of the slur "Hanifian" (Apostatian) to refer to Abraham intending to give hope to people from Apostate backgrounds thereby sanitising the insult which was regularly applied to them as Acephali by the Christian Hierarchies which they rejected.

Inscriptions and Poetry

These Baptists left plenty of rock inscriptions in Arabi Mubeen but most of their doctrine comes from a certain 7th century Persian Charismatic called Gabriel. Gabriel claimed no ability in the Lisan Arabi Mubeen.

The Hebrew Term Mahmad

These Baptists believed the Father's name had become flesh as the Messiah Jesus Mary's Son Rasul of the Father's physical Appearance (Divine Temple) which these Baptists called Mahmad (not to be confused with the Arabian Nabi) and so were also referred to as tribes of Mahmad. The term was written Muhmd by Anonymous, Mhmt by Thomas the Presbyter, Mahmet by Sebeos, and Mehmed by John of Damascus.

Ecumenical relations

Mahmad's Baptists distinguished themselves slightly from those with whom they had a covenant who they called Musulman despite regarding them as most prone to hypocrisy and disbelief. They considered the closest in that Association (Quraysh) to be the Nestorians (who say Allah's Rasul is a partnership between the divine and its creation) but did not take them as allies nor the Judaizers (who oppose ascribing any kind of uncommon divinity to Allah's Rasul), whom they called Judases and regarded as traitors although they did accept converts from the latter. The Umayyads can be identified as the type of Judaizers known as Ha-Garim (Hagarenes) under the Spiritual guidance of Kaʽb al-Aḥbār.

Concerning the term "Muslim" which means "submission", it should be noted that in the Torah, everywhere the word "Kenite" used, it is translated to Aramaic as Salamai or Muslamai or Musalamai. Some suggest this refers to the great numbers of non-Jewish believers who came to sacrifice the Qurban Shlamim in Jerusalem together with the Jews indicating an origin as Judaizers from Herodian Times.

This could explain how some of the Mishnaic entered into the Quranic materials such as for example reference to the seven Mesani meaning the Sheva Mitzvot of Noah: Surat Al-Hijr 15.87 "And We have bestowed upon thee the Sheva Mitzvot and the Grand Qur'an." Surat Az-Zumar 39.23 "Allah has revealed the most beautiful Message in the form of a Book, consistent with the Sheva Mitzvot."

This is what the Mishnaic refers to as the religion of Noah which is confirmed in Surat Ash-Shura 42.13, "He has laid down the same religion for you as He enjoined on Noah: that which We have revealed to you and which We enjoined on Abraham, Moses and Jesus: 'Establish the religion and do not make divisions in it.' What you call the associators to follow is very hard for them. Allah chooses for Himself anyone He wills and guides to Himself those who turn to Him."

It should be emphasised that the religion of the Muslims was therefore Noahism not Hanifism. But the Believers and the Noahites were united for a while in their struggle to carve out an empire and then later they merged to form a new religious community.

Iyas ibn Qabisah

Mahmad's Baptists did not come into focus until an influential person, possibly (according to Mel of Sneaker's Corner) Iyas ibn Qabisa of Tayyaye being Khosrow II's Nestorian Client in AlHira over the Lakhmid, joined their movement as a Mursal being a Nabi of the Rasul (Hitveadut). This leader was married to a Nestorian called Khadijah by her cousin a Nestorian Priest called Waraqah. As leader in Al-Hira over the Lakhmid he could have been called Melkhamed. By the time Sebeos had heard of him many Arabs had already begun to promote him as their Messiah and changed his title from Melkhamed to Mohamed. But to do so they had to diminish the importance of the Christian Messiah and in doing so a new religion was born.

First Hijra 617

Long before all that would happen, the Lakhmid ruler was ousted from Al-Hira by Azadbeh's Parsigs in 617AD against whom he thus began to plot his revenge. He petitioned the King of Abyssinia for some land which he was granted around Yathrib in the Hejaz. Pretending to be the last Lakhmid he began secret infiltration along the Roman and Persian boarders with Monophysite Ansar from Yemen and joining the Heraclian revolutionaries.

Independent Hatra

George Arsas brought forward the eruption of the Saracens in rebellion because of the treachery of John the Almsgiver in 618/619. The Monophysite Ansar from Yemen established in Hatra were soon able to assert their independence.

Second Hijra 622

In the 660s, Sebeos tells us that when Heraclius captured Edessa in 622 the Jews fleeing from Edessa claimed asylum in the new Medina (Hatra) but initially failed to win any allies to their cause until Judaizing the Ishmaelies on the ideas of a learned Mahmet scholar who arrived in the New Medina later that year.

Opposition to Dyoenergism

Mahmad's Baptists did present their faith to Heraclius as the Hadiths claim but there was no leader by the name of Muhammad to be heard of according to the Byzantine version of the story. In fact, the belief presented was Monophysitsm and the presenter was called Paulic (its adherents came to be called Paulician by the Byzantines ever since). But Heraclius decided he knew better and came up with his own idea which he called Monoenergism.

At first it seems no one really knew what Heraclius meant. Some Monophysites (especially modalists) accepted his terminology. Others were more cautious.

"When the Emperor Heraclius in the course of the war which he began about 619, came to Theodosiopolis (Erzeroum) in Armenia (about 622), a Monophysite named Paul, a leader of the Acephali, made a speech before him in favour of his heresy. The emperor refuted him with theological arguments, and incidentally made use of the expression "one operation" of Christ."

Gabriel's visit

Some time after that the monophysite-polyenergist Gabriel is said to have visited the new Medina to test his bilingual students. The accusation that the Quranic materials were being taught by just a man came to which the response was that his language was foreign while the materials were in clear devotional language. Apparently the possibility that Gabriel also spoke that language was ruled out.

It seems the Nabis presented themselves as interpreters of ecclesiastical poems for Sabi Apostles which Gabriel taught allegedly being not his own compositions but from Christ's Angel through the Spiritual gift of Glossolalia alone by the power of the Father's name.

Dhū-Qār 624

Ibn Abu Qabsah is said to have finally got his revenge against Azadbeh on the Day of Dhū-Qār in the Makah vicinity just north of Hira a few months after Badr in 624.

But until his death the Lakhmid King was still just one of many Nabis of the Sabian faith who had learned Gabriel's Ecclesiastical poetry.

626-628 Oppressing Dyoenergism

Heraclius imposes Monoenergism in reconqueried Armenia and other Eastern Provinces.

The response was dismal.

Later in 626 he inquired of Cyrus, Bishop of Phasis and metropolitan of the Lazi, whether his terminology was correct. "Cyrus was uncertain, and by the emperor's order wrote to Sergius the Patriarch of Constantinople, whom Heraclius greatly trusted, for advice. Sergius in reply sent him a letter said to have been written by Mennas of Constantinople to Pope Vigilius and approved by the latter, in which several authorities were cited for one operation and one will. This letter was afterwards declared to be a forgery and was admitted to be such at the Sixth General Council."

Kavad II

Khosrow II was overthrown in 628 and was replaced by the rather Monophysite Byzantine Emperor Maurice's grandson Kavad II in Old Medina who appointed Heraclius regent over his son when he died.

The Critical Years of 628-630

Understanding the chronology of what happened next is essential.

It seems first that the Ghassanid Monophysite Church entered a brief union with Heraclius.

But then the Nestorians were allowed to establish their own Catholicos again greatly upsetting the Monophysites. Many would have joined the Acephali in protest against the Ghassanid Patriarch at this time.

Heraclius proclaimed himself "Basileus" in 629 the first Greek since the Seleucids to be Persia's King of Kings greatly upsetting the Pahlavis.

The Nestorian Catholicos Ishoʿyahb II of Gala entered communion with Byzantium in 630.

The Monophysite Church immediately broke communion with Heraclius and established a Maphrian of all the East to oppose the Nestorian Catholicos. This may have been to appease their congregations who were no doubt furious about being united to the Nestorians.

At the same time the Pahlavis had different ideas and rejected Heraclius's regency over Kavodh's young son Ardashir whom they established on the throne instead triggering the chain of events which soon led to Arab supremacy in the region. There was nothing supernatural about it.

The Pasigs vs Pahlavi Civil War

Heraclius's responded by instigating a civil war between the Parsigs and Pahlavis while this is the time associated with the Conquest of Makah in the standard narrative, no doubt having been armed by the Pahlavis to use as infantry against the Parsigs.

Heraclius sent the Zoroastrian Shahrbaraz to kill the Monophysite Christian Child-Prince Ardashir and crucify his Christian supporters. Shahrbaraz established himself on the throne in 630 but was quickly replaced by the Monophysite Christian Borandokht who was in turn dethroned by Parsing Shapur followed by her own half-sister the Zoroastrian Azarmidokht. Azarmidokht was opposed by the Pahlavi Farrukh whom she executed then Farrukh's son Rostam who executed her and restored Borandokht to the throne in 631. But the Parsigs did not give up and had her strangled in 632.

632 Abu Turab

Abu Turab's reign was diminished in importance by the rise of the Judaizers.

The Alids

A truce between the Pasigs and Pahlavis was reached and Yazdegard was established on the throne in 632 as a compromise between the two parties. His daughter Shahrbonu was wed to the Lakhmid King's son in law Ali who ruled from Al-Hira after him until his assassination in 661.

Ali and al-Hanafiyyah

The curious story of Khawlah bint Ja'far.

Ali's Tome

According to our Thesis, Ali represented Hanifism as Islam had not yet been invented. According to our theory it was Abu Bakr, and Umar then Uthman who laid the ground work for the establishment of the Book of the Arabs and the Religion of the Arabs created under Abdul Malik.

This theory explains how Pope Martin could have been charged with granting the Saracens their "Tome" as it would not have been vastly different from the Dyoenergists at this point who were all working together against the anti-Dyoenergism of the 7th century Byzantine Emperors.

The "Tome" in question is the original Syro-Aramaic one that Ali offered to his predecessors but which they rejected in favour of the partly goat-eaten Hafsa Mushaf. Ali's is also the same version which was defended by ibn Mansur and his supporters whom Uthman had killed.

Leo III refers to how Ali and Salmani Fars and Umar all contributed material to the Book of the Arabs.

632 Rivalry: Arabs vs Pahlavi Alids

Although Ali and the Pahlavis had made their deal with the Pasigs, the Pahlavi Alids faced political opposition from the more Judaized Nestorians Arabs of Abu Bakr, Aisha, Umar, Hafsa and the Umayyads.

Abu Bakr was probably a Judaized Nestorian Ishmaelite under the guidance of Kaʽb al-Aḥbār. He took much delight in announcing in 632 "Those who follow Muhammad, know that he is dead. As for those who follow The Father, know that he is alive forever!"

Kaʽb al-Aḥbār and his followers set about the difficult task to replace the idea that Jesus was God's temple if there was to be any hope of rebuilding a Shrine for the Jews on the Temple Mount.

While the Imam in Al-Hira was the dead king's son in law Ali the defacto political leader, Abu Bakr, began to make changes to Hanifism. Shoot sources indicate that Abu Bakr was nothing more than Umar's stooge and that Umar himself was heavily influenced by Kaʽb al-Aḥbār.

Abu Bakr set about consolidating his power and killed the Sabian Nabis who stood in his way. Abu Bakr, sought to reverse the influence of the Sabians by executing Maslama bin Habib and subjugating the Banu Hanifa. But Ali is said to have sympathised with them taking their princess as his bride.

Abu Bakr's MusHaf

The standard narrative says that Zaid ibn Thabit was first ordered to set about collecting Quranic materials during the reign of Abu Bakr when heavily pregnant Fatima refused to hand her MusHaf over to Umar even when he kicked the door down on her. There is no reason to believe that Abu Bakr thought that Gabriel the Persian was nothing more than a poet.

633 The Battle of Hira

When Khaled took Amgheshiya in 633, Azadbeh's army stood outside Hira before losing everything later that year.

Zionism

In the 660s, Sebeos mentions a Mahmet Torah Scholar inciting Judaized Ishmaelies to take the Holy land and how they organised their approach. It is very possible that Sebeos was confusing Mahmet with Kaʽb al-Aḥbār.

Nestorians petition Abu Bakr

The Chronicle of Seert, probably written in the ninth century, records two approaches to the Muslims from the Nestorian Church. The first by Ishoʿyahb's emissaries to Abu Bakr (632–4).

"At times the first Arab conquests were led – in a noteworthy paradox – under a flag bearing a cross" (Alichoran, 1996: 86)

634 Umar

The Nestorians made a second approach this time by Ishoʿyahb himself to the caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab (634–44). ʿUmar is said to have granted the Church of the East a charter of protection.

Some of the Saracen leaders mentioned during Umar's name are referred to by similar names such as Amr. The standard narrative is that they represent different people but it might not necessarily be the historical case.

However, the standard narrative places Umar under the influence of Kaʽb al-Aḥbār while Amr was more impressed by the Coptic Pope Benjamin.

Calendar

According to the standard narrative, Ramadan had always coincided with the Fast of Adam and Eid ulAzhar had always coincided with Passover preparations until 632. But neglecting intercalations for the 12 Lunar Months the calendar had slipped forward two whole months against the Solar year by the time Umar came to power in 634. Umar opted to stay with 12 lunar months instead of returning to the system of intercalation used until 632.

Ben Abrahams on has indicated that this may have been as a result of Kaʽb al-Aḥbār's influence who represented a sect of Jews who had opposed Hillel II's Hebrew calendar.

634 Tayyaye d'Mhmt

In 640, Thomas the Presbyter reported that the "Tayyaye d-Mhmt" were fighting with Romans 12 miles east of Gaza in 634.

Sophronius

In his 634 Christmas Sermon, the hardcore Dyophysite Sophronius mentions that the "Godless" Saracens had taken Bethlehem and that is what you get when you don't respect Baptism.

634 Carthage Doctrina Yacobi

Byzantine propaganda attempts to break down relations between Jews and the Judaized Ishmaelite Nestorians.

"What can you tell me about the prophet who has appeared with the Saracens?" He replied, groaning deeply: "He is false, for the prophets do not come armed with a sword."

It concludes that Jews should side with Byzantine Christianity instead.

636 Fragment

"Muhmd and many people were slain"

637 Jerusalem

Sophronius the Dyophysite hands Jerusalem over to Umar.

The Temple Mount Masjid

Umar asked Kaʽb al-Aḥbār "Where do you advise me to build a place of worship?" Ka‘b indicated the Temple Rock, now a gigantic heap of ruins from the temple of Jupiter.[5] The Jews, Ka‘b explained, had briefly won back their old capital a quarter of a century before (when Persians overran Syria), but they had not had time to clear the site of the Temple, for the Byzantines (Rūm) had recaptured the city. It was then that Umar ordered the rubbish on the Temple Rock to be removed by the Nabataeans, and after three showers of heavy rain had cleansed the Rock, he instituted prayers there. Umar is said to have fenced it.

Ben Abraham son has said that Jews began to keep lamps burning outside of the wooden structure at that time.

638

The timid Pope Honorius dies. Sergius of Constantinople dies. Sophronius dies. Dyophysite Heraclius outlaws discussion of Dyoenergism. The Muslims are alleged to have attempted to seat the Monothelite Bishop Sergius of Jaffa as the Patriarch of Jerusalem. Umar establishes the Dyoenergist Monophysite Armenian Patriarch Abraham I as Patriarch of Jerusalem.

639 Egypt

The standard narrative says that Amr ibn al-As joined the companions of the Arabian Nabi in 629. However, historical sources say that Amr said he "had never seen such an impressive man of God as" the Coptic Pope Benjamin.

644 Emir Umayr

An 874 manuscript titled Disputation of John and the Emir it is recorded that on the 9th of May 644, and the Emir Umayr ibn Sad al-As arise invited the Syria Orthodox Patriarch John III of the Sedre to explain the Byzantine faith to him. The Byzantine praised his efforts. At the Emir's request, John also had the Gospel translated from Syriac into Arabic by Arab Christians from the Banu Uqayl, Tanukh, and Tayy tribes. It is alleged that the emir had initially demanded that mentions of the name of Christ, the baptism, and the Cross be removed from the translation, but relented following John's refusal. The request to remove the title Christ and the Cross indicates the Emir was influenced by Judaism. He did not believe Jesus was Christ and did not want the Jews blamed for crucifixion.

644 Uthman

Uthman succeeds Umar.

Uthman's Mushaf (650s)

According to the standard narrative, Uthman ordered all Quranic materials to be burned except for the "Quraysh" version written by Zaid ibn Thabit. He also killed the supporters of Ibn Mansur who opposed his decision.

Pope Martin of Gaza

It is likely that if there is any truth at all to the charge that Pope Martin granted the Saracens their Tome that it refers to the original Book of the Alids and not to Uthman's redacted Book of the Arabs. Again concerning the charge of supplying money to them. It may have been to the Alids cause to overthrown the Umayyads.

653 Paulicianism

An Armenian from the Saracens converts Constantine-Silvanus.

656 The First Fitna

As soon as the Caliph and Imam had secured their kingdom they began to fight each other. In 656 Muawiya succeeded Uthman and stepped up Arab opposition to the Alids Pahlavis which his predecessors had subdued.

660 Kibossa

Constantine-Silvanus establishes a Paulician Church at Armenian Kibosa.

661 Muawiya crowned in Jerusalem

Treaty

Muawiya of Quraysh forced the Alids imamates underground and ended the civil wars for 20 years which resumed when the imamate tried to raise its head again upon Muawiya's death in 680. After killing Hussein many Quraysh repented and punished themselves.

Sebeos 660s

Sebeos covers the rise of the Ishmaelies from their Judaization in 622 to the ascendancy of Muawiya.

2nd Imam Hassan 661-670

3rd Imam Hussein 670-680

680 Yazid I

About the time of Yazid I the 6th Ecumenical Council of 680/681 approved Dyoenergism and condemned Tritheism.

The Kaysanite 4th Imam

The Kaysanites agreed with Al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi of Kufa that Ali's son Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah should succeed Hussain as the 4th Imam.

683 Muawiya II

684 Marwan

685 Abdul Malik

Unification

Abdul Malik was the first to attempt to unite all of the Arabs by devising a new Religion for the Arabs by incorporating many ideas even from the 6th Ecumenical Council.

Hajjaj

Abdul Malik orders Hajjaj to prepare Uthman's book for the composition of the Quran. Hajjaj encourages people to "compose the Quran the same way Gabriel did" using certain materials.

691 Nestorian Catholicos Hananisho

Catholicos, Hnanicho, encountered 'Abd-al-Malik who asked him, 'What do you think of the Arab religion?' to which the Catholicos replied: 'It is a religion established by the sword, and not a faith confirmed by divine miracles, as with the Christianity and like the old law of Moses.' At first Abdul Malik wanted to have his tongue cut out but changed his mind instead to prohibit him from ever seeing him again.

From Abdul Malik's originally point of view his religion was very tolerant towards the Nestorians and he expected more appreciation.

It is possible the comments of the Catholicos are responsible for Abdul Malik's change in direction.

Dome of the Rock

There is no indication anywhere in the Dome if the Rock inscriptions that the Umayyads believed Jesus had escaped death on the cross.

700 Abu HaShem the 5th Imam

Under their 5th Imam, Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah , the Kaysanites became the Hashimite Alevis.

705 Al-Walid I

715 Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik

716 Rise Of The Abbasids

The founder of the Abbasid dynasty called Muhammad Al-Imam who took control in 716. It is possible that this is the contemporary Mehmed referred to by John of Damascus as leading the Ishmaelies. He tried to unite the Kaysanites and the Sunnis. Under Abbasid influence a new Quran using materials from the Umayyads "book of the Arabs and from the Kaysanites Ahsana al-Hadith was composed.

750 Abbasids

The Abbasids did their best to eradicate any Umayyad legacy.

781 Timothy I of Baghdad

Timothy provides us with perhaps the first written exegesis of the Abbasid Quran.