Seventy Meta-Nations - Revision history

פטר חמור: /* Seventy Language types */

2024-11-15T09:49:20Z

‎Seventy Language types

פטר חמור at 09:27, 14 November 2024

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פטר חמור at 14:22, 11 November 2024

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פטר חמור at 13:48, 11 November 2024

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פטר חמור at 13:48, 11 November 2024

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פטר חמור: פטר חמור moved page Seventy Nations to Seventy Meta-Nations

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פטר חמור moved page Seventy Nations to Seventy Meta-Nations

פטר חמור at 13:37, 11 November 2024

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פטר חמור at 15:08, 29 February 2012

2012-02-29T15:08:28Z

פטר חמור at 11:12, 16 February 2011

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פטר חמור at 11:11, 16 February 2011

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 ==Seventy Language types==
-There was a discussion between R. Eleazar and R. Johanan with regard to the languages spoken before the Dispersion. According to the former, each nation had its own language, though it understood all the others; while the latter held that only Hebrew was spoken.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 11:1</ref> Both are correct of course in that each of the 70 meta-nations of the world had their own archetypal language family but at Babel they only spoke the proto-Semitic language which Jews call Hebrew (although Arabs call it Arabic) after Eber. The Hebrews were broken up into Seventy (-two) nations and went out from Babel to promote Noahism among the Qeinites who had occupied the rest of the planet.
+There was a discussion between R. Eleazar and R. Johanan with regard to the languages spoken before the Dispersion. According to the former, each populations had its own language, though it understood all the others; while the latter held that only Hebrew was spoken.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 11:1</ref> Both are correct of course in that each of the 70 populations of the world had their own archetypal language family but at Babel they only spoke the proto-Semitic language which Jews name Hebrew for Eber (although Arabs call it Arabic). The Hebrews were broken up at Babel into Seventy(-two) missions to go and promote Noahism among the 70 Qeinite populations who had occupied the rest of the planet.
 An interesting appreciation of the qualities of various languages is that given by Jonathan of Bet Gubrin. "There are," he says, "four fine languages that ought to be used by the whole world: Greek for poetry; Latin for war; Aramaic for the dirge; and Hebrew for general speech." Some add that the characters of the Assyrian language should be borrowed, but not the language itself, which is not an original one.<ref>Yerushalmi Meggilah 1,71a</ref>

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-There is a Talmudic tradition that there were Seventy (or Seventy two) archetypal language families in the world which were visited by Noah's missionaries<ref>R' Bachya</ref>. This has given rise to the deep-rooted tradition of seventy(-two) meta-nations.
+There is a Talmudic tradition that once upon a time there were Seventy (or Seventy-two) original language families in the world which were visited by Noah's missionaries<ref>R' Bachya</ref>. This has given rise to the deep-rooted tradition of seventy(-two) populations.
-According to the Midrash each of the seventy meta-nations is placed under the protection of a special angel, except Israel, whose Protector is MemTet being either Sar HaPanim or Michael depending upon whether Israel has or lacks merit.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 37</ref>
+According to the Midrash each of the Seventy populations is placed under the protection of a special angel, except Israel, whose Protector is MemTet being either Sar HaPanim or Michael depending upon whether Israel has or lacks merit.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 37</ref>
-The seventy bullocks sacrificed during the feast of Tabernacles were offered to atone for the sins of the seventy nations.  'Woe to the nations!' says Rav Yochanan; 'for they suffered a loss [by having destroyed the Temple] and do not realize the extent of the loss.  While the Temple existed the altar [the sacrifices] atoned for them, but now [that it is destroyed] who will atone for them?'<ref>Sukkah 55b, Pesikk. 193b, 195b</ref>
+The seventy bullocks sacrificed during the feast of Tabernacles were offered to atone for the sins of the seventy populations.  'Woe to the nations!' says Rav Yochanan; 'for they suffered a loss [by having destroyed the Temple] and do not realize the extent of the loss.  While the Temple existed the altar [the sacrifices] atoned for them, but now [that it is destroyed] who will atone for them?'<ref>Sukkah 55b, Pesikk. 193b, 195b</ref>
-The answer is of course by doing and observing everthing that the seat of Moses, occupied by the Scribes and Pharisees, tells them to do exactly the same way that Jews may atone for themselves without a temple.
+The answer is of course by doing and observing everthing that the seat of Moses, occupied by the Scribes and Pharisees, tells them to do exactly the same way that Jews may find atonement for themselves without a temple.
-According to many commentators<ref>Radak, Ralbag, Chizkuni, Malbim</ref> this concept of 70.meta-nations seems to underlie Deut.32:8 which says that G-d 'established the boundaries of nations [i.e. the seventy nations]... according to the number of the children of Israel' -- namely the seventy who descended to Egypt with Yakov <ref>Genesis 46:27</ref>
+According to many commentators<ref>Radak, Ralbag, Chizkuni, Malbim</ref> this concept of 70 populations seems to underlie Deut.32:8 which says that G-d 'established the boundaries of nations [i.e. the seventy populations]... according to the number of the children of Israel' -- namely the seventy who descended to Egypt with Yakov <ref>Genesis 46:27</ref>
-The seventy members of the Sanhedrin also corresponded to the seventy nations of the world.<ref>Targum Yerushalmi to Genesis 28:3</ref> The Jewish law required that every member of the Sanhedrin should have sufficient knowledge of the seventy languages to be able to listen to testimony without an interpreter.<ref>Sanhedrin 17a; comp. Megilah 73b; Menachos 65a</ref>
+The seventy members of the Sanhedrin also corresponded to the seventy populations of the world.<ref>Targum Yerushalmi to Genesis 28:3</ref> The Jewish law required that every member of the Sanhedrin should have sufficient knowledge of the seventy language families to be able to listen to testimony without an interpreter.<ref>Sanhedrin 17a; comp. Megilah 73b; Menachos 65a</ref>
 ==Seventy Language types==

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 According to the Midrash each of the seventy meta-nations is placed under the protection of a special angel, except Israel, whose Protector is MemTet being either Sar HaPanim or Michael depending upon whether Israel has or lacks merit.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 37</ref>
-The seventy bullocks sacrificed on Tabernacles were offered to atone for the seventy nations.  'Woe to the nations!' says Rav Yochanan; 'for they suffered a loss [by having destroyed the Temple] and do not realize the extent of the loss.  While the Temple existed the altar [the sacrifices] atoned for them, but now [that it is destroyed] who will atone for them?'<ref>Sukkah 55b, Pesikk. 193b, 195b</ref>
+The seventy bullocks sacrificed during the feast of Tabernacles were offered to atone for the sins of the seventy nations.  'Woe to the nations!' says Rav Yochanan; 'for they suffered a loss [by having destroyed the Temple] and do not realize the extent of the loss.  While the Temple existed the altar [the sacrifices] atoned for them, but now [that it is destroyed] who will atone for them?'<ref>Sukkah 55b, Pesikk. 193b, 195b</ref>
-According to many commentators<ref>Radak, Ralbag, Chizkuni, Malbim</ref> this concept seems to underlie Deut. 32:8 which says that G-d 'established the boundaries of nations [i.e. the seventy nations]... according to the number of the children of Israel' -- namely the seventy who descended to Egypt with Yakov <ref>Genesis 46:27</ref>
+The answer is of course by doing and observing everthing that the seat of Moses, occupied by the Scribes and Pharisees, tells them to do exactly the same way that Jews may atone for themselves without a temple.
 The seventy members of the Sanhedrin also corresponded to the seventy nations of the world.<ref>Targum Yerushalmi to Genesis 28:3</ref> The Jewish law required that every member of the Sanhedrin should have sufficient knowledge of the seventy languages to be able to listen to testimony without an interpreter.<ref>Sanhedrin 17a; comp. Megilah 73b; Menachos 65a</ref>
-==Seventy Languages==
+==Seventy Language types==
-There was a discussion between R. Eleazar and R. Johanan with regard to the languages spoken before the Dispersion. According to the former, each nation had its own language, though it understood all the others; while the latter held that only Hebrew was spoken.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 11:1</ref>
+An interesting appreciation of the qualities of various languages is that given by Jonathan of Bet Gubrin. "There are," he says, "four fine languages that ought to be used by the whole world: Greek for poetry; Latin for war; Aramaic for the dirge; and Hebrew for general speech." Some add that the characters of the Assyrian language should be borrowed, but not the language itself, which is not an original one.<ref>Yerushalmi Meggilah 1,71a</ref>
-An interesting appreciation of the qualities of various languages is that given by Jonathan of Bet Gubrin. "There are," he says, "four fine languages that ought to be used by the whole world: Greek for poetry; Latin for war; Aramaic for the dirge; and Hebrew for general speech." Some add that the characters of the Assyrian language should be borrowed, but not the language itself, which is not an original one.<ref>Yerushalmi Meggilah 1,71a</ref> According to a haggadah, the angels understand all languages except the Aramaic, and therefore it is recommended not to pray in that language.<ref>Shabbos 12b</ref> Gabriel, however, is an exception to the rule, for to his teaching the haggadah attributes Joseph's knowledge of all the seventy languages. "The astrologers," it is related in the haggadah, "said to Pharaoh: 'What! Shall a slave who was bought for twenty pieces of silver rule over us?' Pharaoh replied: 'But I find him endowed with kingly attributes!' 'If that is the case,' they answered, 'he must know the seventy languages.' Then Gabriel taught him all the seventy languages"<ref>Sotah 36b; Yalkut Re'uveni, Miketz, 71b</ref>
+According to a haggadah, ink Gabriel knows all of the 70 meta-languages while the rest of the angels understand all languages ''except'' Aramaic, and therefore it is recommended not to pray in Aramaic.<ref>Shabbos 12b</ref> Gabriel is an exception to the rule because to his teaching the haggadah attributes Joseph's knowledge of all the seventy languages. "The astrologers," it is related in the haggadah, "said to Pharaoh: 'What! Shall a slave who was bought for twenty pieces of silver rule over us?' Pharaoh replied: 'But I find him endowed with kingly attributes!' 'If that is the case,' they answered, 'he must know the seventy languages.' Then Gabriel taught him all the seventy languages"<ref>Sotah 36b; Yalkut Re'uveni, Miketz, 71b</ref>
-The Torah was written in seventy languages in order that the nations should not be able to plead ignorance as their excuse for rejecting it.<ref>Tosef., Sotah 8</ref> Among the seventy languages the most noble is Hebrew, for in it was pronounced the creative word of G-d.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 18, 31; Yalkut, Genesis 52</ref>
+While Noahide Judaism (Universal Torah) is only one kind of Noahism, the Tosafists assert that it was to be taught to the whole world in their record that the Torah was original written in seventy languages in order that the nations should not be able to plead ignorance as their excuse for rejecting it.<ref>Tosef., Sotah 8</ref> How was this possible? For Hebrew is the archetypal language which Noah's seventy missionaries once spoke. Hence it retains its most noble status for in it was pronounced the creative word of G-d.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 18, 31; Yalkut, Genesis 52</ref> Thus, while any Ger who practices Noahism is Meshulam, still only Toshavim who follow Noahide Judaism are Ma'amin. Hence WIKINOAH.ORG promotes Noahide Judaism over other kinds of Noahism.
-Just as there were seventy nations<ref>cf. Targum Yonasan to 11:7</ref>, the words of the Torah engraved on the Tablets on Mount Ebal<ref>Deut. 27:2ff</ref> were written in seventy languages<ref>Mishna, Sotah 7:5</ref> so that all the nations might read it. For the same reason, G-d's voice at Sinai divided itself into seventy languages.<ref>Shabbos 58b; Shabbos 88a; Exodus Rabbah 5; comp. Acts ii. 5</ref>
+Likewise, since there were seventy meta nations<ref>cf. Targum Yonasan to 11:7</ref>, the words of the Torah engraved on the Tablets on Mount Ebal<ref>Deut. 27:2ff</ref> were also written in the seventy meta languages languages<ref>Mishna, Sotah 7:5</ref> so that all the nations might read it. For the same reason, G-d's voice at Sinai divided itself into seventy languages.<ref>Shabbos 58b; Shabbos 88a; Exodus Rabbah 5; comp. Acts ii. 5</ref>
 == Parallels to the Seventy Nations ==

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−	There is a Talmudic tradition that there were Seventy(or Seventy two) archetypal language families in the world which were visited by Noah's missionaries<ref>R' Bachya</ref>. This has given rise to the deep-rooted tradition of seventy(-two) meta-nations.	+	There is a Talmudic tradition that there were Seventy (or Seventy two) archetypal language families in the world which were visited by Noah's missionaries<ref>R' Bachya</ref>. This has given rise to the deep-rooted tradition of seventy(-two) meta-nations.

	According to the Midrash each of the seventy meta-nations is placed under the protection of a special angel, except Israel, whose Protector is MemTet being either Sar HaPanim or Michael depending upon whether Israel has or lacks merit.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 37</ref>		According to the Midrash each of the seventy meta-nations is placed under the protection of a special angel, except Israel, whose Protector is MemTet being either Sar HaPanim or Michael depending upon whether Israel has or lacks merit.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 37</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:48, 11 November 2024
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−	There is a Talmudic tradition that there were Seventy(-two) archetypal language families in the world which were visited by Noah's missionaries<ref>R' Bachya</ref>. This has given rise to the deep-rooted tradition of seventy(-two) meta-nations.	+	There is a Talmudic tradition that there were Seventy(or Seventy two) archetypal language families in the world which were visited by Noah's missionaries<ref>R' Bachya</ref>. This has given rise to the deep-rooted tradition of seventy(-two) meta-nations.

	According to the Midrash each of the seventy meta-nations is placed under the protection of a special angel, except Israel, whose Protector is MemTet being either Sar HaPanim or Michael depending upon whether Israel has or lacks merit.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 37</ref>		According to the Midrash each of the seventy meta-nations is placed under the protection of a special angel, except Israel, whose Protector is MemTet being either Sar HaPanim or Michael depending upon whether Israel has or lacks merit.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 37</ref>

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−	~~The~~ Talmudic tradition that there ~~are seventy~~ language families in the world ~~is based on the list of~~ Noah's ~~descendants~~<ref>R' Bachya</ref>. This tradition of seventy(-two) meta-nations ~~is deep-rooted~~. According to the Midrash each of the seventy nations is placed under the protection of a special angel, except Israel, whose Protector is ~~G-d Himself~~.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 37</ref>	+	There is a Talmudic tradition that there were Seventy(-two) archetypal language families in the world which were visited by Noah's missionaries<ref>R' Bachya</ref>. This has given rise to the deep-rooted tradition of seventy(-two) meta-nations.
		+
		+	According to the Midrash each of the seventy meta-nations is placed under the protection of a special angel, except Israel, whose Protector is MemTet being either Sar HaPanim or Michael depending upon whether Israel has or lacks merit.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 37</ref>

	The seventy bullocks sacrificed on Tabernacles were offered to atone for the seventy nations. 'Woe to the nations!' says Rav Yochanan; 'for they suffered a loss [by having destroyed the Temple] and do not realize the extent of the loss. While the Temple existed the altar [the sacrifices] atoned for them, but now [that it is destroyed] who will atone for them?'<ref>Sukkah 55b, Pesikk. 193b, 195b</ref>		The seventy bullocks sacrificed on Tabernacles were offered to atone for the seventy nations. 'Woe to the nations!' says Rav Yochanan; 'for they suffered a loss [by having destroyed the Temple] and do not realize the extent of the loss. While the Temple existed the altar [the sacrifices] atoned for them, but now [that it is destroyed] who will atone for them?'<ref>Sukkah 55b, Pesikk. 193b, 195b</ref>

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 == Table of Nations ==
-The majority of Palestinian and Babylonian scholars considered the ethnological table to be a simple historical narrative, enumerating, without any pretense to completeness, the descendants of Noah, and indicating the places they had chosen for their respective residences. This is clearly expressed by R. Huna of Sepphoris, who, interpreting Canticles 6:8 as an allusion to the nations and their languages, says: "Sixty and eighty are one hundred and forty. Of these, there are seventy nations, each of which possesses a separate language but not a separate script, and seventy other nations, each of which possesses both a separate language and a separate script; as to the nations which possess neither a separate language nor a separate script, they are numberless" (Cant. R. l.c.). In a later midrash, the "Midrash ha-Gadol," it is inferred from Cant. vi. 8 that there were only sixty original nations, eliminating from the ethnological table the ten nations descended from Japheth, Gomer, Javan, Ham, Cush, Raamah, Shem, Mizraim, Aram, and Joktan. As to the languages, the "Midrash ha-Gadol" counts seventy-two, as do the Christian authorities. "The total number of the countries that the children of Noah divided among their descendants was 104; of islands, 99; of languages, 72; and of scripts, 16. To the share of Japheth fell 44 countries, 33 islands, 22 languages, and 5 scripts; Ham received 34 countries, 33 islands, 24 languages, and 5 scripts; Shem, 26 countries, 33 islands, 26 languages, and 6 scripts."
+The majority of Palestinian and Babylonian scholars considered the ethnological table to be a simple historical narrative, enumerating, without any pretense to completeness, the descendants of Noah, and indicating the places they had chosen for their respective residences. This is clearly expressed by R. Huna of Sepphoris, who, interpreting Canticles 6:8 as an allusion to the nations and their languages, says: "Sixty and eighty are one hundred and forty. Of these, there are seventy nations, each of which possesses a separate language but not a separate script, and seventy other nations, each of which possesses both a separate language and a separate script; as to the nations which possess neither a separate language nor a separate script, they are numberless" (Cant. R. l.c.). In a later midrash, the "Midrash ha-Gadol," it is inferred from Cant. vi. 8 that there were only sixty original nations, eliminating from the ethnological table the ten nations descended from Japheth, Gomer, Javan, [[Ham]], Cush, Raamah, Shem, Mizraim, Aram, and Joktan. As to the languages, the "Midrash ha-Gadol" counts seventy-two, as do the Christian authorities. "The total number of the countries that the children of Noah divided among their descendants was 104; of islands, 99; of languages, 72; and of scripts, 16. To the share of Japheth fell 44 countries, 33 islands, 22 languages, and 5 scripts; Ham received 34 countries, 33 islands, 24 languages, and 5 scripts; Shem, 26 countries, 33 islands, 26 languages, and 6 scripts."
 The haggadic assumption that there are seventy nations and languages in the world is based upon the ethnological table given in Genesis 10, where seventy grandsons of Noah are enumerated, each of whom became the ancestor of a nation. The earlier Christian writers also took this table as determining the number of existing nations and languages; but reckoning with the Septuagint, which counts seventy-two grandsons of Noah, there must be seventy-two nations and languages (see Augustine, "De Civitate Dei"; Anio, in his commentary on the second book of Berosus; comp. Azariah dei Rossi, "Me'or 'Enayim, Imre Binah," xlviii.). The Haggadah seems to have followed in this case the theory of the Hellenists, who regarded the ethnological table as a scientific and complete division of mankind into three races, distributed among three separate zones. This theory is expounded in the Book of Jubilees; "and at the beginning of the thirty-third jubilee they divided the earth into three parts between Shem, Ham, and Japheth, according to their inheritance" (ch. viii.).

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−	The Talmudic tradition that there are seventy language families in the world is based on the list of Noah's descendants<ref>R' Bachya</ref>. This tradition of seventy nations is deep-rooted. According to the Midrash each of the seventy nations is placed under the protection of a special angel, except Israel, whose Protector is G-d Himself.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 37</ref>	+	The Talmudic tradition that there are seventy language families in the world is based on the list of Noah's descendants<ref>R' Bachya</ref>. This tradition of seventy(-two) meta-nations is deep-rooted. According to the Midrash each of the seventy nations is placed under the protection of a special angel, except Israel, whose Protector is G-d Himself.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 37</ref>

	The seventy bullocks sacrificed on Tabernacles were offered to atone for the seventy nations. 'Woe to the nations!' says Rav Yochanan; 'for they suffered a loss [by having destroyed the Temple] and do not realize the extent of the loss. While the Temple existed the altar [the sacrifices] atoned for them, but now [that it is destroyed] who will atone for them?'<ref>Sukkah 55b, Pesikk. 193b, 195b</ref>		The seventy bullocks sacrificed on Tabernacles were offered to atone for the seventy nations. 'Woe to the nations!' says Rav Yochanan; 'for they suffered a loss [by having destroyed the Temple] and do not realize the extent of the loss. While the Temple existed the altar [the sacrifices] atoned for them, but now [that it is destroyed] who will atone for them?'<ref>Sukkah 55b, Pesikk. 193b, 195b</ref>

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−	The Talmudic tradition that there are seventy ~~nations~~ in the world is based on the list of Noah's descendants<ref>R' Bachya</ref>. This tradition of seventy nations is deep-rooted. According to the Midrash each of the seventy nations is placed under the protection of a special angel, except Israel, whose Protector is G-d Himself.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 37</ref>	+	The Talmudic tradition that there are seventy language families in the world is based on the list of Noah's descendants<ref>R' Bachya</ref>. This tradition of seventy nations is deep-rooted. According to the Midrash each of the seventy nations is placed under the protection of a special angel, except Israel, whose Protector is G-d Himself.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 37</ref>

	The seventy bullocks sacrificed on Tabernacles were offered to atone for the seventy nations. 'Woe to the nations!' says Rav Yochanan; 'for they suffered a loss [by having destroyed the Temple] and do not realize the extent of the loss. While the Temple existed the altar [the sacrifices] atoned for them, but now [that it is destroyed] who will atone for them?'<ref>Sukkah 55b, Pesikk. 193b, 195b</ref>		The seventy bullocks sacrificed on Tabernacles were offered to atone for the seventy nations. 'Woe to the nations!' says Rav Yochanan; 'for they suffered a loss [by having destroyed the Temple] and do not realize the extent of the loss. While the Temple existed the altar [the sacrifices] atoned for them, but now [that it is destroyed] who will atone for them?'<ref>Sukkah 55b, Pesikk. 193b, 195b</ref>