Ma'amad - Revision history

פטר חמור at 10:40, 3 February 2025

2025-02-03T10:40:31Z

פטר חמור at 11:15, 10 November 2022

2022-11-10T11:15:51Z

פטר חמור at 11:15, 10 November 2022

2022-11-10T11:15:06Z

פטר חמור at 23:17, 21 December 2021

2021-12-21T23:17:02Z

פטר חמור at 23:15, 21 December 2021

2021-12-21T23:15:20Z

פטר חמור at 03:10, 9 November 2020

2020-11-09T03:10:28Z

פטר חמור at 01:23, 9 November 2020

2020-11-09T01:23:57Z

פטר חמור at 01:54, 8 November 2020

2020-11-08T01:54:19Z

פטר חמור at 13:38, 4 November 2020

2020-11-04T13:38:23Z

פטר חמור at 13:36, 4 November 2020

2020-11-04T13:36:34Z

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-"MA'AMAD or MAHAMAD, council of elders in an Caliphate's Jewish community or congregation in the West after the expulsion from Alandalus, corresponding to the *kahal (in the sense of the supreme community council) in Ashkenazi communities. Schooled by bitter memories of the crisis in Spain on the eve of the expulsion, the policy of the ma'amad tended to be conservative and authoritarian in the extreme. One of the characteristic features of ma'amad policy was that on completion of its term of office the ma'amad itself appointed its successors. A nominee was obliged to accept the assignment. Those who disobeyed the directives of the ma'amad were fined heavily, and in some cases were even excommunicated."
+"MA'AMAD or MAHAMAD, council of elders in the Umayyad Caliphate's Jewish communities or congregations which remained in the West after the expulsion of Islam from Alandalus, corresponding to the *kahal (in the sense of the supreme community council) in Ashkenazi communities. Schooled by bitter memories of the crisis in Spain on the eve of the expulsion, the policy of the Ma'amad tended to be conservative and authoritarian in the extreme. One of the characteristic features of Ma'amad policy was that on completion of its term of office the Ma'amad itself appointed its successors. A nominee was obliged to accept the assignment. Those who disobeyed the directives of the Ma'amad were fined heavily, and in some cases were even excommunicated."
 [[Ostikan Nehemiah ben Hushiel]]'s proto-Karaite Ma'amad led the [[Ercolian-Karaites]] under Khosrow II to conquer the Patriarchates of Antioch and of Jerusalem after 610AD. They were evicted when the Persians betrayed them in 617 and fortified themselves in Edessa until either 622 or 628 when they were granted the Arabah instead by Emperor Heraclius.
-Around 622 a certain [[Hanzalah]] succeeded Hani' ibn Qabisa of the Bakr-wail tribe in Dhi Qar (married into the Judeo-Nazarene dynasty of Lakhmids) as a Ma'amad.
+Around 622 a certain [[Hanzalah]] served as Rosh Ma'amad for Hani' ibn Qabisa of the Bakr-wail tribe in Dhi Qar (Hani had married into the Judeo-Nazarene dynasty of Lakhmids) and led Hani's [[Erev Rav]] to victory and independence at [[Dhi Qar]].
 =Sources=

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 [[Ostikan Nehemiah ben Hushiel]]'s proto-Karaite Ma'amad led the [[Ercolian-Karaites]] under Khosrow II to conquer the Patriarchates of Antioch and of Jerusalem after 610AD. They were evicted when the Persians betrayed them in 617 and fortified themselves in Edessa until either 622 or 628 when they were granted the Arabah instead by Emperor Heraclius.
-Around 622 a certain [[Hanzalah) succeeded Hani' ibn Qabisa of the Bakr-wail tribe in Dhi Qar (married into the Judeo-Nazarene dynasty of Lakhmids) also begins to be referred to as a Ma'amad.
+Around 622 a certain [[Hanzalah]] succeeded Hani' ibn Qabisa of the Bakr-wail tribe in Dhi Qar (married into the Judeo-Nazarene dynasty of Lakhmids) as a Ma'amad.
 =Sources=

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 [[Ostikan Nehemiah ben Hushiel]]'s proto-Karaite Ma'amad led the [[Ercolian-Karaites]] under Khosrow II to conquer the Patriarchates of Antioch and of Jerusalem after 610AD. They were evicted when the Persians betrayed them in 617 and fortified themselves in Edessa until either 622 or 628 when they were granted the Arabah instead by Emperor Heraclius.
-Around 622 a certain Hani' ibn Qabisa of the Bakr-wail tribe in Dhi Qar though married into the Judeo-Nazarene dynasty of Lakhmids was also begins to be referred to as a ma'amad.
+Around 622 a certain [[Hanzalah) succeeded Hani' ibn Qabisa of the Bakr-wail tribe in Dhi Qar (married into the Judeo-Nazarene dynasty of Lakhmids) also begins to be referred to as a Ma'amad.
 =Sources=

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 [[Ostikan Nehemiah ben Hushiel]]'s proto-Karaite Ma'amad led the [[Ercolian-Karaites]] under Khosrow II to conquer the Patriarchates of Antioch and of Jerusalem after 610AD. They were evicted when the Persians betrayed them in 617 and fortified themselves in Edessa until either 622 or 628 when they were granted the Arabah instead by Emperor Heraclius.
-Around 622 a certain Hani' ibn Qabisa of the Bakr-wail tribe in Dhi Qar though married into the Judeo-Nazarene dynasty of Lakhmids was also referred to as a Ma'amad.
+Around 622 a certain Hani' ibn Qabisa of the Bakr-wail tribe in Dhi Qar though married into the Judeo-Nazarene dynasty of Lakhmids was also begins to be referred to as a ma'amad.
 =Sources=

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 "MA'AMAD or MAHAMAD, council of elders in an Caliphate's Jewish community or congregation in the West after the expulsion from Alandalus, corresponding to the *kahal (in the sense of the supreme community council) in Ashkenazi communities. Schooled by bitter memories of the crisis in Spain on the eve of the expulsion, the policy of the ma'amad tended to be conservative and authoritarian in the extreme. One of the characteristic features of ma'amad policy was that on completion of its term of office the ma'amad itself appointed its successors. A nominee was obliged to accept the assignment. Those who disobeyed the directives of the ma'amad were fined heavily, and in some cases were even excommunicated."
-[[Ostikan Nehemiah ben Hushiel]]'s proto-Karaite Ma'amad led the [[Ercolian-Karaites]] under Khosrow II to conquer the Patriarchates of Antioch and of Jerusalem after 610AD. They were evicted when the Persians betrayed them in 617 and fortified themselves in Edessa until 622 when they were granted the Arabah instead by Emperor Heraclius.
+[[Ostikan Nehemiah ben Hushiel]]'s proto-Karaite Ma'amad led the [[Ercolian-Karaites]] under Khosrow II to conquer the Patriarchates of Antioch and of Jerusalem after 610AD. They were evicted when the Persians betrayed them in 617 and fortified themselves in Edessa until either 622 or 628 when they were granted the Arabah instead by Emperor Heraclius.
 =Sources=

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:54, 8 November 2020
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−	"MA'AMAD or MAHAMAD, council of elders in ~~a Sephardi~~ community or congregation in the West after the expulsion from ~~Spain~~, corresponding to the *kahal (in the sense of the supreme community council) in Ashkenazi communities. Schooled by bitter memories of the crisis in Spain on the eve of the expulsion, the policy of the ma'amad tended to be conservative and authoritarian in the extreme. One of the characteristic features of ma'amad policy was that on completion of its term of office the ma'amad itself appointed its successors. A nominee was obliged to accept the assignment. Those who disobeyed the directives of the ma'amad were fined heavily, and in some cases were even excommunicated."	+	"MA'AMAD or MAHAMAD, council of elders in an Caliphate's Jewish community or congregation in the West after the expulsion from Alandalus, corresponding to the *kahal (in the sense of the supreme community council) in Ashkenazi communities. Schooled by bitter memories of the crisis in Spain on the eve of the expulsion, the policy of the ma'amad tended to be conservative and authoritarian in the extreme. One of the characteristic features of ma'amad policy was that on completion of its term of office the ma'amad itself appointed its successors. A nominee was obliged to accept the assignment. Those who disobeyed the directives of the ma'amad were fined heavily, and in some cases were even excommunicated."

	Nehemiah ben Hushiel's Ma'amad led the [[Ercolian-Karaites]] under Khosrow II to conquer the Patriarchates of Antioch and of Jerusalem after 610AD. They were evicted when the Persians betrayed them in 617 and fortified themselves in Edessa until 622 when they were granted the Arabah instead by Emperor Heraclius.		Nehemiah ben Hushiel's Ma'amad led the [[Ercolian-Karaites]] under Khosrow II to conquer the Patriarchates of Antioch and of Jerusalem after 610AD. They were evicted when the Persians betrayed them in 617 and fortified themselves in Edessa until 622 when they were granted the Arabah instead by Emperor Heraclius.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 "MA'AMAD or MAHAMAD, council of elders in a Sephardi community or congregation in the West after the expulsion from Spain, corresponding to the *kahal (in the sense of the supreme community council) in Ashkenazi communities. Schooled by bitter memories of the crisis in Spain on the eve of the expulsion, the policy of the ma'amad tended to be conservative and authoritarian in the extreme. One of the characteristic features of ma'amad policy was that on completion of its term of office the ma'amad itself appointed its successors. A nominee was obliged to accept the assignment. Those who disobeyed the directives of the ma'amad were fined heavily, and in some cases were even excommunicated."
-Nehemiah ben Hushiel's Ma'amad led the proto-Karaites under Khosrow II to conquer the Patriarchates of Antioch and of Jerusalem after 610AD. They were evicted when the Persians betrayed them in 617 and fortified themselves in Edessa until 622 when they were granted the Arabah instead by Emperor Heraclius.
+Nehemiah ben Hushiel's Ma'amad led the [[Ercolian-Karaites]] under Khosrow II to conquer the Patriarchates of Antioch and of Jerusalem after 610AD. They were evicted when the Persians betrayed them in 617 and fortified themselves in Edessa until 622 when they were granted the Arabah instead by Emperor Heraclius.
 =Sources=