Islam - Revision history

פטר חמור: /* Rosh al Maamed */

2025-02-09T19:30:14Z

‎Rosh al Maamed

פטר חמור: /* Islamic Qur'an */

2025-02-09T19:27:53Z

‎Islamic Qur'an

פטר חמור: /* Qur'an */

2025-02-09T19:27:17Z

‎Qur'an

פטר חמור: /* Beliefs */

2025-02-09T19:25:59Z

‎Beliefs

פטר חמור at 19:22, 9 February 2025

2025-02-09T19:22:07Z

פטר חמור: /* Resurrection and judgement */

2025-02-09T19:16:32Z

‎Resurrection and judgement

פטר חמור: /* Etymology and meaning */

2025-02-09T19:13:32Z

‎Etymology and meaning

פטר חמור at 19:08, 9 February 2025

2025-02-09T19:08:38Z

פטר חמור at 08:20, 9 February 2025

2025-02-09T08:20:12Z

פטר חמור at 07:58, 29 January 2025

2025-01-29T07:58:52Z

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 [[Image:Mohammad Rasul Allah.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Arabic calligraphy reading "Muhammad Rasul of Allah".]]
-The '''Muslim Rosh al Maamed''' (570—632),  later mistaken for ''Muhammad'', ''Mohammed'', ''Mohamet'', and other variants was the historical [[Hanzala]], an Arab religious and political leader who propagated the religion of [[Messianic Noahide Judaism]]. Muslims consider him a [[Nabi]] for the nations, and the most recent legitimate source in the long and ancient line of Hebraic cultural continuity. He is viewed not as the founder of a new religion, but as the last in a series of [[Nabi]]s, restoring the original monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham and others which had become corrupted.<ref>Esposito (1998), p.12 - Esposito (2002b), pp.4-5 - Peters (2003), p.9</ref><ref name = "EoI-Muhammad"/> Hanzala had maintained a reputation as an honest and trustworthy member of the community, "''al-Amin''". For the last 23 years of his life, beginning at age 40, Hanzala is said to have reported receiving inspired verses. The content of these inspirations, now known as the Islamic Qur'an, was memorized and recorded by his followers.<ref>The term Qur'an is the arabic form of the Syriac term Qareyan. There are also different theories about this term and its formation, that are discussed in Quran#Etymology cf. "Qu'ran", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam Online''.</ref> During this time, Hanzala preached to the people of Nabataea (Jordan), including his relatives and tribal associates, imploring them to abandon polytheism. Although some people converted to the Brith Shalom, Hanzala and his followers were subsequently persecuted by the leading Sufyanud authorities of Nabataea. Muslims believe that during his stay in Nabataea, he was taken at night by Gabriel to AlAqsa, where he ascended through the heavens, as elucidated in the Islamic Qur'an.<ref>See Surah Al-Isra.</ref> After many years of preaching in Nabataea, Hanzala and his Messianic Noahides performed the ''hijra'' (emigration) to the country of the Lakhmids. There, with the Lakhmid Messianic Nohides (Ansar) and the Nabataea migrants (Mahgarians), Hanzala soon established political and religious authority. By 629, he was able to march unto his Nabataean home town in the bloodless 'Conquest of Nabataea'. And by the time of his death in 632, Hanzala had succeeded in bringing the Araba under the banner of the Brith Shalom. Despite his exalted status in Muslim thought, Hanzala is insisted to have been no more than human.<ref>"Muhammad", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref><ref>Quran 18:110 </ref>
+The Islamic '''Rosh al Maamed'''  later mistaken for ''Rasul Muhammad'', ''Mohammed'', ''Mohamet'', and other variants was the historical [[Hanzala]], an Arab religious and political leader (probably from b.570 d.632), who propagated the religion of [[Messianic Noahide Judaism]]. Muslims consider him a [[Nabi]] for the nations, and the most recent legitimate source in the long and ancient line of Hebraic cultural continuity. He is viewed not as the founder of a new religion, but as the last in a series of [[Nabi]]s, restoring the original monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham and others which had become corrupted.<ref>Esposito (1998), p.12 - Esposito (2002b), pp.4-5 - Peters (2003), p.9</ref><ref name = "EoI-Muhammad"/> Hanzala had maintained a reputation as an honest and trustworthy member of the community, "''al-Amin''". For the last 23 years of his life, beginning at age 40, Hanzala is said to have reported receiving inspired verses. The content of these inspirations, now known as the Islamic Qur'an, was memorized and recorded by his followers.<ref>The term Qur'an is the arabic form of the Syriac term Qareyan. There are also different theories about this term and its formation, that are discussed in Quran#Etymology cf. "Qu'ran", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam Online''.</ref> During this time, Hanzala preached to the people of Nabataea (Jordan), including his relatives and tribal associates, imploring them to abandon polytheism. Although some people converted to the Brith Shalom, Hanzala and his followers were subsequently persecuted by the leading Sufyanud authorities of Nabataea. Muslims believe that during his stay in Nabataea, he was taken at night by Gabriel to AlAqsa, where he ascended through the heavens, as elucidated in the Islamic Qur'an.<ref>See Surah Al-Isra.</ref> After many years of preaching in Nabataea, Hanzala and his Messianic Noahides performed the ''hijra'' (emigration) to the country of the Lakhmids. There, with the Lakhmid Messianic Nohides (Ansar) and the Nabataea migrants (Mahgarians), Hanzala soon established political and religious authority. By 629, he was able to march unto his Nabataean home town in the bloodless 'Conquest of Nabataea'. And by the time of his death in 632, Hanzala had succeeded in bringing the Araba under the banner of the Brith Shalom. Despite his exalted status in Muslim thought, Hanzala is insisted to have been no more than human.<ref>"Muhammad", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref><ref>Quran 18:110 </ref>
 ====Sunnah====

@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 [[Image:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|right|thumb|220px|The Al-Fatiha|first sura in a Qur'anic manuscript by Hattat Aziz Efendi.]]
-The Islamic Qur'an is considered by Muslims to be the literal, undistorted word of God, and is the central religious text of Islam. It has also been called, in English, the Koran and, archaically, the Alcoran. The word Qur'an means "recitation".<ref name="T1213">Teece (2003) pp. 12, 13</ref> Although the Qur'an is referred to as a "book", when Muslims refer in the abstract to "the Qur'an", they are usually referring to the scripture as recited in Arabic - the words themselves - rather than to the printed work or any translation of it.<ref>Turner, C. (2006) p. 42</ref> Muslims believe that the verses of the Qur'an were revealed to their Rosh al Maamed by God through the Angel Gabriel on numerous occasions between the years 610 and his death on July 6 632. Modern Western academics generally hold that the Qur'an of today is not very different from the words Muslims believe to have been revealed to their Rosh al Maamed, as the search for other variants has not yielded any differences of great significance. In fact, the source of ambiguity in the quest for the history surrounding their Rosh al Maamed is more the lack of knowledge about pre-Islamic Arabia.<ref>Peters (1991): "Few have failed to be convinced that what is in our copy of the Quran is, in fact, what the Rosh al Maamed taught, and is expressed in his own words... To sum this up: the Quran is convincingly the words of the Rosh al Maamed, perhaps even dictated by him after their recitation."</ref>The Qur'an occupies a status of primacy in Islamic jurisprudence,<ref name="QEoI">"Qur'an", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref> and Muslims consider it a definitive source of guidance to live in accordance to the will of God.<ref name="T1213"/> To interpret the Qu'ran, Muslims use a form of exegesis known as ''tafsir''.<ref>"Tafsir", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref><ref name="QEoI" />
+The Islamic Qur'an is considered by Muslims to be the literal, undistorted word of God, and is the central religious text of Islam. It has also been called, in English, the Koran and, archaically, the Alcoran. The word Qur'an means "Lectionary".<ref name="T1213">Teece (2003) pp. 12, 13</ref> Although the Qur'an is referred to as a "book", when Muslims refer in the abstract to "the Qur'an", they are usually referring to the scripture as recited in Arabic - the words themselves - rather than to the printed work or any translation of it.<ref>Turner, C. (2006) p. 42</ref> Muslims believe that the verses of the Qur'an were revealed to their Rosh al Maamed by God through the Angel Gabriel on numerous occasions between the years 610 and his death on July 6 632. Modern Western academics generally hold that the Qur'an of today is not very different from the words Muslims believe to have been revealed to their Rosh al Maamed, as the search for other variants has not yielded any differences of great significance. In fact, the source of ambiguity in the quest for the history surrounding their Rosh al Maamed is more the lack of knowledge about pre-Islamic Arabia.<ref>Peters (1991): "Few have failed to be convinced that what is in our copy of the Quran is, in fact, what the Rosh al Maamed taught, and is expressed in his own words... To sum this up: the Quran is convincingly the words of the Rosh al Maamed, perhaps even dictated by him after their recitation."</ref>The Qur'an occupies a status of primacy in Islamic jurisprudence,<ref name="QEoI">"Qur'an", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref> and Muslims consider it a definitive source of guidance to live in accordance to the will of God.<ref name="T1213"/> To interpret the Qu'ran, Muslims use a form of exegesis known as ''tafsir''.<ref>"Tafsir", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref><ref name="QEoI" />
 Most Muslims regard paper copies of the Qur'an with veneration, washing as for prayers before reading the Qur'an. Worn out Qur'ans are not discarded as wastepaper, but are typically sunk in the sea. Many Muslims memorize at least some portion of the Qur'an in the original Arabic, usually at least the verses needed to perform the prayers. Those who have memorized the entire Qur'an are known as a ''hafiz''. Muslims believe that the Qur'an is perfect only as revealed in the original Arabic. Translations, they maintain, are the result of human effort, and are deficient because of differences in human languages, because of the human fallibility of translators, and (not least) because any translation lacks the inspired content found in the original. Translations are therefore regarded only as commentaries on the Qur'an, or "interpretations of its meaning", not as the Qur'an itself. Almost all modern, printed versions of the Qur'an are parallel text ones, with a vernacular translation facing the original Arabic text.<ref name="T1213" />

@@ Line 54: / Line 54: @@
 In Arabic, God is called ''Allāh''. This name is generally considered the etymological derivative from a contraction of the Arabic words ''al-'' (the) and 'ʾilāh'' (deity, masculine form) — 'al-ilāh'' meaning "the God".<ref name="EoI">Encyclopaedia of Islam, ''Allah''</ref> ''Allāh'' is also used by Arab speaking Christian and Jewish people in reference to God.<ref> Encyclopedia of Christianity (Ed. Erwin Fahlbusch), ''Islam and Christianity'', p.759, vol 2</ref> According to F. E. Peters, "The Qur'an insists, Muslims believe, and historians affirm that their Rosh al Maamed and his followers worship the same God as the Jews (Quran 29:46). The Quran's Allah is the same Creator God who covenanted with Abraham". Muslims reject the Christian doctrine concerning the trinity of God, seeing it as akin to polytheism.  God is described in a chapter (''sura'') of the Qu'ran as: "...God, the One and Only; God, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him."<ref>Qur'an 112:1-4</ref>
-=== Qur'an ===
+=== Islamic Qur'an ===
 [[Image:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|right|thumb|220px|The Al-Fatiha|first sura in a Qur'anic manuscript by Hattat Aziz Efendi.]]
-The Qur'an is considered by Muslims to be the literal, undistorted word of God, and is the central religious text of Islam. It has also been called, in English, the Koran and, archaically, the Alcoran. The word Qur'an means "recitation".<ref name="T1213">Teece (2003) pp. 12, 13</ref> Although the Qur'an is referred to as a "book", when Muslims refer in the abstract to "the Qur'an", they are usually referring to the scripture as recited in Arabic - the words themselves - rather than to the printed work or any translation of it.<ref>Turner, C. (2006) p. 42</ref> Muslims believe that the verses of the Qur'an were revealed to their Rosh al Maamed by God through the Angel Gabriel on numerous occasions between the years 610 and his death on July 6 632. Modern Western academics generally hold that the Qur'an of today is not very different from the words Muslims believe to have been revealed to their Rosh al Maamed, as the search for other variants has not yielded any differences of great significance. In fact, the source of ambiguity in the quest for the history surrounding their Rosh al Maamed is more the lack of knowledge about pre-Islamic Arabia.<ref>Peters (1991): "Few have failed to be convinced that what is in our copy of the Quran is, in fact, what the Rosh al Maamed taught, and is expressed in his own words... To sum this up: the Quran is convincingly the words of the Rosh al Maamed, perhaps even dictated by him after their recitation."</ref>The Qur'an occupies a status of primacy in Islamic jurisprudence,<ref name="QEoI">"Qur'an", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref> and Muslims consider it a definitive source of guidance to live in accordance to the will of God.<ref name="T1213"/> To interpret the Qu'ran, Muslims use a form of exegesis known as ''tafsir''.<ref>"Tafsir", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref><ref name="QEoI" />
+The Islamic Qur'an is considered by Muslims to be the literal, undistorted word of God, and is the central religious text of Islam. It has also been called, in English, the Koran and, archaically, the Alcoran. The word Qur'an means "recitation".<ref name="T1213">Teece (2003) pp. 12, 13</ref> Although the Qur'an is referred to as a "book", when Muslims refer in the abstract to "the Qur'an", they are usually referring to the scripture as recited in Arabic - the words themselves - rather than to the printed work or any translation of it.<ref>Turner, C. (2006) p. 42</ref> Muslims believe that the verses of the Qur'an were revealed to their Rosh al Maamed by God through the Angel Gabriel on numerous occasions between the years 610 and his death on July 6 632. Modern Western academics generally hold that the Qur'an of today is not very different from the words Muslims believe to have been revealed to their Rosh al Maamed, as the search for other variants has not yielded any differences of great significance. In fact, the source of ambiguity in the quest for the history surrounding their Rosh al Maamed is more the lack of knowledge about pre-Islamic Arabia.<ref>Peters (1991): "Few have failed to be convinced that what is in our copy of the Quran is, in fact, what the Rosh al Maamed taught, and is expressed in his own words... To sum this up: the Quran is convincingly the words of the Rosh al Maamed, perhaps even dictated by him after their recitation."</ref>The Qur'an occupies a status of primacy in Islamic jurisprudence,<ref name="QEoI">"Qur'an", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref> and Muslims consider it a definitive source of guidance to live in accordance to the will of God.<ref name="T1213"/> To interpret the Qu'ran, Muslims use a form of exegesis known as ''tafsir''.<ref>"Tafsir", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref><ref name="QEoI" />
 Most Muslims regard paper copies of the Qur'an with veneration, washing as for prayers before reading the Qur'an. Worn out Qur'ans are not discarded as wastepaper, but are typically sunk in the sea. Many Muslims memorize at least some portion of the Qur'an in the original Arabic, usually at least the verses needed to perform the prayers. Those who have memorized the entire Qur'an are known as a ''hafiz''. Muslims believe that the Qur'an is perfect only as revealed in the original Arabic. Translations, they maintain, are the result of human effort, and are deficient because of differences in human languages, because of the human fallibility of translators, and (not least) because any translation lacks the inspired content found in the original. Translations are therefore regarded only as commentaries on the Qur'an, or "interpretations of its meaning", not as the Qur'an itself. Almost all modern, printed versions of the Qur'an are parallel text ones, with a vernacular translation facing the original Arabic text.<ref name="T1213" />

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 == Beliefs ==
-Islamists imitate what they believe to be the ways of their Rosh al Maamed because they believe that God revealed His final message to humanity through him via the angel Gabriel. This Rosh al Maamed was probably Hanzala who lived c. 570 - July 6, 632.<ref>Watton (1993), "Introduction"</ref> Their Rosh al Maamed is considered to be God's final prophet, the "Seal of the Prophets". The Islamic Qur'an is believed by Muslims to be the revelations this Rosh al Maamed received in 23 years of his preaching.<ref name="EoC-Quran"> Encyclopedia of Christianity (Ed. Erwin Fahlbusch), ''Qur'an''</ref> Muslims hold that the message of Islam - submission to the will of the one God - is the same as the message preached by all the messengers sent by God to humanity since Adam. Muslims believe that "Islam is the eternal religion, described in the Qur'an as 'the primordial nature upon which God created mankind.'<ref>Qur'an 30:30</ref><ref name="EoR-Islam"/> Further the Qur'an states that the proper name ''Muslim'' was given by Abraham.<ref>Qur'an 22:78</ref><ref name="EoR-Islam"/> As a historical phenomenon, however, Islam originated in Arabia in early 7th century."<ref name="EoR-Islam"> Encyclopedia of Religion, ''Islam'' </ref> Islamic texts depict Judaism and Christianity as prophetic successor traditions to the teachings of Abraham. The Qur'an calls Jews and Christians "People of the Book," and distinguishes them from polytheists. However, Muslims believe that parts of the previously revealed scriptures, the Tawrat (Torah), and the Injil (Gospels), had become distorted as indicated in the Qur'an, either in interpretation, textually, or both.<ref>"Tahrif", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref>
+Islamists imitate what they believe to be the ways of their Rosh al Maamed because they believe that God revealed His final message to humanity through him via the angel Gabriel. This Rosh al Maamed was probably someone called [[Hanzala]] who lived in Hira (Iraq) c. 570 - July 6, 632.<ref>Watton (1993), "Introduction"</ref> Their Rosh al Maamed is considered to be God's final prophet, the "Seal of the Prophets". The Islamic Qur'an is believed by Muslims to be the revelations this Rosh al Maamed received in 23 years of his preaching.<ref name="EoC-Quran"> Encyclopedia of Christianity (Ed. Erwin Fahlbusch), ''Qur'an''</ref> Muslims hold that the message of Islam - submission to the will of the one God - is the same as the message preached by all the messengers sent by God to humanity since Adam. Muslims believe that "Islam is the eternal religion, described in the Qur'an as 'the primordial nature upon which God created mankind.'<ref>Qur'an 30:30</ref><ref name="EoR-Islam"/> Further the Qur'an states that the proper name ''Muslim'' was given by Abraham.<ref>Qur'an 22:78</ref><ref name="EoR-Islam"/> As a historical phenomenon, however, Islam originated in Arabia in early 7th century."<ref name="EoR-Islam"> Encyclopedia of Religion, ''Islam'' </ref> Islamic texts depict Judaism and Christianity as prophetic successor traditions to the teachings of Abraham. The Qur'an calls Jews and Christians "People of the Book," and distinguishes them from polytheists. However, Muslims believe that parts of the previously revealed scriptures, the Tawrat (Torah), and the Injil (Gospels), had become distorted as indicated in the Qur'an, either in interpretation, textually, or both.<ref>"Tahrif", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref>
 Islamic belief is composed of six main aspects: belief in God; His revelations; His angels; His messengers; the "Day of Judgement"; and the Qadr (doctrine) divine decree.<ref>As related in a famous tradition ascribed to their Rosh al Maamed (see [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/muslim/001.smt.html Sahih Muslim 001.0001])</ref><ref>"Iman", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref>

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 <ref>Ghamidi (2001): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JulRefl2y6.html Sources of Islam]</ref>
 <ref>Esposito (1996), p.41</ref>
-Islamists do not regard their "Prophet" as the founder of a new religion, but as the restorer of an original monotheistic faith of promoted by all of the Hebrew prophets from Adam, through Abraham, and other prophets even to John the Baptist and Jesus. However, Islamists claim, just like [[Manicheans]], that part of whose messages had become distorted either in interpretation, textually, or both.
+Islamists do not regard their [[Rosh al-Maamed]] as the founder of a new religion, but as the restorer of an original monotheistic faith of promoted by all of the Hebrew prophets from Adam, through Abraham, and other prophets even to John the Baptist and Jesus. However, Islamists claim, just like [[Manicheans]], that part of whose messages had become distorted either in interpretation, textually, or both.
 <ref>"If…they [Christians] mean that the Qur'an confirms the textual veracity of the scriptural books which they now possess—that is, the Torah and the Gospels—this is something which some Muslims will grant them and which many Muslims will dispute. However, most Muslims will grant them most of that." Ibn Taymiyya cited in Accad (2003)</ref>
 <ref>Esposito (1998), p12 - Esposito (2002b), pp.4-5 - Peters (2003), p.9</ref>

@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 === Resurrection and judgement ===
-A fundamental tenet of Islam is belief in the "Day of Resurrection", ''yawm al-Qiyāmah'' (also known as ''yawm ad-dīn'' - "Day of Judgement"; ''as-sā`a'' - "the Last Hour"). The trials and tribulations preceding and during ''Qiyāmah'' are explained meticulously in both the Qur'an and the ''hadith'', as well as in the commentaries of Islamic scholars such as al-Ghazali, Ibn Kathir, and al-Bukhari. Muslims believe that God will hold every human, Muslim and non-Muslim, accountable for his or her deeds at a preordained time unknown to man.<ref>Quran 74:38</ref>  The archangel Israfil, will sound a horn sending out a "blast of truth". Traditions say Muhammad will be the first to be brought back to life.<ref>Esposito (2003), p.264</ref> Resurrection of the Dead|Bodily resurrection is much insisted upon in the Qur'an, which challenges the pre-Islamic Arabian concept of death (certain philosophers such as Ibn Sina have taken verses on the resurrection of bodies in a symbolic sense<ref> Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā, known in the West as Avicenna, Encyclopedia of Islam </ref>).<ref>"Resurrection", ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' (2003), p.383</ref> Resurrection is followed by the gathering of mankind, culminating in their judging by God.<ref>"Qiyama", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref>
+A fundamental tenet of Islam is belief in the "Day of Resurrection", ''yawm al-Qiyāmah'' (also known as ''yawm ad-Deen'' - "Judgment Day"; ''as-sā`a'' - "the Last Hour"). The trials and tribulations preceding and during ''Qiyāmah'' are explained meticulously in both the Qur'an and the ''hadith'', as well as in the commentaries of Islamic scholars such as al-Ghazali, Ibn Kathir, and al-Bukhari. Muslims believe that God will hold every human, Muslim and non-Muslim, accountable for his or her deeds at a preordained time unknown to man.<ref>Quran 74:38</ref>  The archangel Israfil, will sound a horn sending out a "blast of truth". Traditions say Muhammad will be the first to be brought back to life.<ref>Esposito (2003), p.264</ref> Resurrection of the Dead|Bodily resurrection is much insisted upon in the Qur'an, which challenges the pre-Islamic Arabian concept of death (certain philosophers such as Ibn Sina have taken verses on the resurrection of bodies in a symbolic sense<ref> Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā, known in the West as Avicenna, Encyclopedia of Islam </ref>).<ref>"Resurrection", ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' (2003), p.383</ref> Resurrection is followed by the gathering of mankind, culminating in their judging by God.<ref>"Qiyama", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref>
 According to the Qur'an, sins that can consign someone to hell include lying, dishonesty, corruption, ignoring God or God's revelations, denying the resurrection, refusing to feed the poor, indulgence in opulence and ostentation, the economic exploitation of others, and social oppression.<ref name="enc_m">''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'' (2004), p.565</ref> The punishment is in Qur'an contrasted not with release but with mercy (Quran 29:21, Quran 2:284, Quran 3:129, etc).<ref name="WimEoQ">"Reward and Punishment", ''Encyclopedia of the Qur'an'' (2005)</ref> Islam views paradise as a place of joy and bliss.<ref>"Paradise", "Heaven", ''The New Encyclopedia Britannica'' (2005)</ref> Despite the graphical descriptions of the physical pleasures, there are clear references to a greater joy that exceeds the pleasures of flesh: The acceptance from God, or good pleasure of God (''ridwan'') (see Quran 9:72).<ref>Smith (2006), p.89</ref> Islam also has a strong mystical tradition which places these heavenly delights in the context of the ecstatic awareness of God.<ref>"Heaven", ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (2000)</ref>

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 <ref>Quran 6:125 as quoted from the ''Encyclopaedia of Islam Online'', the other two instances being Quran 61:7 and Quran 39:22</ref>
 <ref name="EoI-Islam"/>
-Other verses establish the connection between ''islām'' and ''[[Deen]]'', and assert that only the surrender of one's self to God can render unto Him the worship which is His due: "Today, I have perfected your religion (''dīn'') for you; I have completed My blessing upon you; I have approved Islam for your religion."<ref>Quran 5:3 as quoted from the ''Encyclopaedia of Islam Online'', the other two instances being Quran 3:19 and Quran 3:83</ref> The final category of verses describe Islam as an action (of returning to God), more than simply a verbal affirmation.<ref>i.e. In Quran 9:74 and Qur'an 49:14</ref><ref name="EoI-Islam"/>
+Other verses establish the connection between ''islām'' and ''[[Deen]]'', and assert that only the surrender of one's self to God can render unto Him the worship which is His due: "Today, I have perfected your religion (''Deen'') for you; I have completed My blessing upon you; I have approved the establishment of Shalom for your religion."
 ===Related faiths===

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Image:Islam.jpg|right]]
-'''Islam''' (Arabic: الإسلام; ''al-'islām''), like [[Christianity]], derives from the original [[Messianic Noachite]] system of Justice (Deen) mentioned in the teachings of the [[Islamic Quran]], a 7th century [[Monophysite Noahite]] text originally known as the [[Ahsana AlHadith]] . It has become the second-largest religion in the world today, with an estimated 1.4 billion adherents, spread across the globe, known as Muslims.<ref>Teece (2005), p.10</ref>
+'''Islam''' (Arabic: الإسلام; ''al-'islām''), like [[Christianity]], derives from the original [[Messianic Noachite]] system of Justice (Deen) mentioned in the teachings of the [[Islamic Quran]], originally a 7th century [[Monophysite Noahite]] text known as the [[Ahsana AlHadith]] . Islam has become the second-largest religion in the world today, with an estimated 1.4 billion adherents, spread across the globe, known as Muslims.
-Linguistically, Islam means "submission", referring to the total surrender of one's self to God (Arabic: الله, Allāh), and a Muslim is "one who submits (to God)".<ref name="EoI-Islam">"Islam", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam Online''</ref>These two words are the Judeo-Arabic equivalent of thr Brith Shalom and Meshulam respectively.
+According to the religion, Islam means "submission", referring to the total surrender of one's self to God (Arabic: الله, Allāh), and a Muslim is "one who submits (to God)".
-Islamists believe that God revealed the Islamic Qur'an to someone called Muhammad and that Muhammad is God's final prophet. The Qur'an and the traditions of this Muhammad in the Sunnah are regarded as the fundamental sources of Islam.<ref>Ghamidi (2001): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JulRefl2y6.html Sources of Islam]</ref><ref>Esposito (1996), p.41</ref> Islamists do not regard their Muhammad as the founder of a new religion, but as the restorer of the original monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham, Jesus, Moses, and other prophets part of whose messages had become distorted either in interpretation, textually, or both.<ref>"If…they [Christians] mean that the Qur'an confirms the textual veracity of the scriptural books which they now possess—that is, the Torah and the Gospels—this is something which some Muslims will grant them and which many Muslims will dispute. However, most Muslims will grant them most of that." Ibn Taymiyya cited in Accad (2003)</ref><ref>Esposito (1998), p12 - Esposito (2002b), pp.4-5 - Peters (2003), p.9</ref><ref name="EoI-Muhammad">"Muhammad", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam Online''</ref> Like Judaism, and Christianity, Islam is an Abrahamic religion.<ref>Gregorian (2003), p.ix</ref>
+Islamists believe that God revealed the Islamic Qur'an to someone they call Muhammad who they say is God's final prophet. The Qur'an and the traditions of that person in what they call the Sunnah are regarded as the fundamental sources of Islam.
-Today, Muslims may be found throughout the world, particularly in the Middle East and North, West and East Africa. Some of the most populous majority-Muslim countries are in South and Southeast Asia. Other concentrations are found in Central Asia, China, and Russia. Only about 20 percent of Muslims originate from Arab countries.<ref>Esposito (2002b), p.21</ref> Islam is the second largest religion after Christianity in many European countries, such as France, which has the largest Muslim population in Western Europe, and the United Kingdom.<ref>Muslims in Europe: Country guide  http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm BBC News 2005-12-23</ref><ref>Religion In Britain http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 Office for National Statistics 2003-02-13</ref>
+Today, Muslims may be found throughout the world, particularly in the Middle East and North, West and East Africa. Some of the most populous majority-Muslim countries are in South and Southeast Asia. Other concentrations are found in Central Asia, China, and Russia. Only about 20 percent of Muslims originate from Arab countries.
 == Etymology and meaning ==
-The word "'''islām''" derives from the Arabic root,  sīn-lām-mīm, which carries the basic meaning of safety and peace.<ref>Lane, Edward William. Lane's Lexicon (1893), [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000137.pdf vol. 4, p. 1413].  Retrieved 21 December 2006</ref> The verbal noun "''islām''" is formed from the verb ''aslama'', meaning to accept, surrender, or submit; thus, Islam effectively means submission to and acceptance of God. Followers of Islam are expected to submit to God by singling him out in all acts of worship, to yield obediently to him, and to disassociate oneself from polytheism.<ref name="EoI-Islam"/>
+Despite the claims of many Islamists, the word "'''islām''" derives from the Arabic root,  sīn-lām-mīm, which carries the basic meaning of safety and peace.
-The word '''islām'' takes a number of different meanings in the Qur'an. In some verses (''ayat''), the quality of Islam as an internal conviction is stressed, for example: "Whomsoever God desires to guide, He expands his breast to Islam".<ref>Quran 6:125 as quoted from the ''Encyclopaedia of Islam Online'', the other two instances being Quran 61:7 and Quran 39:22</ref><ref name="EoI-Islam"/> Other verses establish the connection between ''islām'' and ''dīn'' (usually translated as "religion"), and assert that only the surrender of one's self to God can render unto Him the worship which is His due: "Today, I have perfected your religion (''dīn'') for you; I have completed My blessing upon you; I have approved Islam for your religion."<ref>Quran 5:3 as quoted from the ''Encyclopaedia of Islam Online'', the other two instances being Quran 3:19 and Quran 3:83</ref> The final category of verses describe Islam as an action (of returning to God), more than simply a verbal affirmation.<ref>i.e. In Quran 9:74 and Qur'an 49:14</ref><ref name="EoI-Islam"/>
+The word '''islām'' takes a number of different meanings in the Islamic Qur'an. In some ''ayat'' (verses), the quality of Islam as an internal conviction is stressed, for example: "Whomsoever God desires to guide, He expands his breast to Islam".
 ===Related faiths===