According to the Bible, Tiglath-pileser (II Kings xv. 29) or Shalmaneser (ib. xvii. 6, xviii. 11), after the defeat of Israel, transported the majority of the inhabitants of the Northern Kingdom to Assyria, and placed them in Halah and Habor, on the stream of Gozan, and in the towns of Media. In their stead a mixed multitude was transported to the plains and mountains of Israel(explaining the origins of Samaria's Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup J). As a large number of prophecies relate to the return of "Israel" to the Holy Land, believers in the literal inspiration of the Scriptures have always labored under a difficulty in regard to the continued existence of the tribes of Israel, with the exception of those of Judah and Levi Benjamin (or Benjaminwith their Levites), which returned with Ezra and Nehemiah. If the Ten Tribes have disappeared, the literal fulfilment of the prophecies would be impossible; if they have not disappeared, obviously they must exist under a different name. The numerous attempts at identification that have been made constitute some of the most remarkable curiosities of literature.
==Rabbinic Tradition==
==Other views==
===Nestorians and The Devil-Worshipers===
In 1835 Asahel Grant, an American physician, was appointed by the American Board of Foreign Missions to pursue his calling among the Nestorians of Mesopotamia. He found among them a tradition that they were descendants of the Lost Ten Tribes, a tradition which had already been gathered by Smith and White during their earlier mission ("Researches in Armenia," vol. ii.). He found also among the Jews of the neighborhood of Urumiah recognition of this tradition, which he considered to be confirmed by the following facts: they dwelt in the neighborhood to which the Israelites were originally deported, while Josephus declared that the Ten Tribes lived beyond the Euphrates up to his time ("Ant." xi. 5, § 3), and his statement is confirmed by Jerome ("Opera," vi. 780); their language is a branch of the Aramaic; they still offer sacrifices and first-fruits like the ancient Israelites, and they prepare for the Sabbath on the preceding evening; they have Jewish names and Jewish features. Other similarities of custom are recorded by Grant ("The Nestorians, or the Lost Tribes," New York, 1845). Grant was of the opinion also that the Yezidis, or devil-worshipers, of the same region Mesopotamia were likewise descended from the Ten Tribes, as they observed the rite of circumcision, offered sacrifices, including that of the paschal lamb on the 24th of Nisan, and also abstained from forbidden food (ib. pp. 363-372).
===AfghansBristish Israelites===
According to their native traditionsThe identification of the [[Ashkenazite Nation|Sacæ]], or [[Ashkenazite Nation|Scythians]], the Afghans also are to be identified with the Lost Ten Tribes. They declare that Nebuchadnezzar banished them into because they appear in history at the mountains of Ghursame time, whence they maintained correspondence with and very nearly in the Arabian Jews. When some of same place, as the latter were converted Israelites removed by MohammedShalmaneser, is one Khalid wrote to of the chief supports of the Afghans theory which identifies the English people, and invited them to embrace Islam. Several Afghan nobles went to Arabia under one Ḳaisindeed the whole Teutonic race, who claimed to trace his descent through forty-seven generations from Saul. He was accordingly greeted by Mohammed by with the title of "malik," in deference to this illustrious descentTen Tribes. Ḳais Dan is reported to have died at identified sometimes with Denmark, and sometimes with the age Tuatha da Danaun of eighty-seven, in 662Irish tradition; and all but the main argument advanced is that the English satisfy the modern chiefs conditions of Afghanistan claim to be descended from him (Malcolm, "History of Persia," ii. 596, London, 1815). The Afghans still call themselves "Beni-the Prophets regarding Israel," and are declared to have in so far as they live in a markedly Jewish appearance. Their claim to Israelitish descent is allowed by most Mohammedan writers. G. Moorefar-off isle, speak in his "Lost Tribes" (pp. 143-160a strange tongue, Londonhave colonies throughout the world, 1861), also identified and yet worship the true God. For further discussion of the Afghans with argument and the Ten Tribeshistory of its development see Anglo-Israelism.
===KaraimiNestorian "Huns"===
In order 1835 Asahel Grant was appointed by the American Board of Foreign Missions to avoid pursue his calling among the disabilities imposed upon Rabbinite Jews, the Karaites Nestorians of Russia attempted to prove Mesopotamia. He found among them a tradition that they were guiltless descendants of the execution of Jesus because they were descended from the Lost Ten Tribes , a tradition which had already been gathered by Smith and White during their earlier mission (specifically the so-called "KhazarResearches in Armenia," tribe vol. ii.). He found also among the Jews of the neighborhood of Simeon and its Levites) and had been settled Urumiah recognition of this tradition, which he considered to be confirmed by the following facts: they dwelt in the Crimea since neighborhood to which the Israelites were originally deported, while Josephus declared that the Ten Tribes lived beyond the Euphrates up to his time of Shalmaneser (seventh century B"Ant.C" xi.5, § 3), and his statement is confirmed by Jerome ("Opera," vi. In particular Abraham Firkovich has often been accused of editing 780); their language is a number branch of inscriptions on tombstones the Aramaic; they still offer sacrifices and first-fruits like the ancient Israelites, and manuscripts to prove they prepare for the early date of their settlement in Sabbath on the Crimeapreceding evening; they have Jewish names and Jewish features. Other similarities of custom are recorded by Grant ("The argument was effective with the Russian government in 1795Nestorians, when they were exempted from or the double taxation imposed upon the RabbinitesLost Tribes, and in 1828" New York, when it obtained for them exemption from military service1845).
===SinoWhether as a result of missionary efforts from the Nestorians among them or not, the Khvaris and proto-Caucasian===Turkic [[Huns]] of Central Eurasia are claimed by [[Karaites]] to have been the descendants of the Ten Tribes of Israel settled among the [[Ashkenazite Nation|Sacæ]] in Scythia by Cambyses. The Shah of Khvarezm was about to be converted to the Nestorian faith when his brother brought the Umayyads into Xorezm and the Nestorians were forced to flee to the On-Oq for refuge. The Nestorians managed to make some progress in converting the Christianized Turks and Sebomenoi Huns of Crimea where they were allowed to settle.
From There are many reasons to believe that Hun descent from the similar traditions among Ten Tribes of Israel is in fact a genuine possibility, rather than just the Jews result of missionary efforts to convert them to Abrahamic faith. The Turkic tribes believed in One God in Heaven called Tengri which itself is derived from the CaucasusSumerian word for God Dingir. They also revered Customary Old Turkic Tribal Laws called Tura which resembled Torah. They organised themselves into Northern, according to Chorny ("Sefer ha-Massa'otSouthern, Eastern," pand Western Hordes around their spiritual leader called a Kaghan just as the tribes of Israel were arranged around their spiritual leader called a Kohen. 585Their spiritual leaders had to go through a trial involving struggle with a divine being and ascending a ladder into heaven and a change of name, Stjust as Jacob did in order to become Israel. Petersburg, 1884They worshipped i times of need under Terebinths (Oak trees), just as Abraham did and the Israelites under Moses at mamre before the Jews tabbernacle was constructed. Most significant was that their tribe of Derbent declared Shimoin believed that the Daghestan Jews their were those who were carried away by descendants of the Assyrians, and tribes of Simeon while their tribe of Ashmal beieved that some of they were Ishmaelites. Thus whether a fact or not descent from Abraham became a cherished belief among them had ultimately migrated . The Majority belong to Bokhara, and even the Levite Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a. The most popular names for the Huns such as far as China. It isHun-Ugori, of courseOnogur, only natural that On-Oq (all terms designating the outlying colonies in China, in IndiaWestern Turkic Gahanate) all mean literally "Ten Tribes", and even in the Sahara should have been at one time abreviation Hun or another identified as remnants of the Lost On means simply "The Ten Tribes".
===India & Burma===The [[Karaites]] of Eastern Europe, Russia Central Eurasia and beyond have always claimed that they were descended from the Lost Ten Tribes (specifically the so-called "Khazar" tribe of Simeon and its Levites as well as from ''Carite'' Caphtorim and Colchians) and had been settled in Turan (and allegedly other parts of Scythia) certainly since the time of Cambyses, perhaps from as early as the time of Shalmaneser (seventh century B.C.). In 1795 the [[Karaims]] were exempted from the double taxation imposed upon the Rabbinites, and in 1828, when it obtained for them the right to officer ranks and exemption from compulsory military service (although [[Karaite]] Hussars continued voluntary service as royal body guards to the Tsars). A [[Karaite Jew]] called Abraham Firkovich satisfied the Russian authorities, but [[Qaraite Jew]]ish authors have often accused him of editing a number of inscriptions on tombstones and manuscripts to prove the early date of their settlement in the Crimea. However, [[Qaraite Judaism]] has always been hostile towards [[Karaite Judaism]] and teaches that they are Mamzerim because they are converts to the faith. Despite the [[Qaraite Jew]]ish accusations, Firkovich's evidence was considered legally valid and effective with the Russian government.
G. MooreAccording to their native traditions, indeed, attempts the Afghans also are to prove be identified with the same Nestorian [[Hun]]nic "Ten Tribes". They declare that Nebuchadnezzar banished them into the high-class Hindusmountains of Ghur, including all whence they maintained correspondence with the Buddhists, are descendants Arabian Jews. When some of the Sacælatter were converted by Mohammed, or Scythiansone Khalid wrote to the Afghans and invited them to embrace Islam. Several Afghan nobles went to Arabia under one Ḳais, who, again, were the Lost Ten Tribesclaimed to trace his descent through forty-seven generations from Saul. He transcribes many of was accordingly greeted by Mohammed by the Indian inscriptions into Hebrew title of a wonderful kind "malik," in deference to prove this contentionillustrious descent. BuddhismḲais is reported to have died at the age of eighty-seven, according in 662; and all the modern chiefs of Afghanistan claim to be descended from him(Malcolm, is a fraudulent development "History of Old Testament doctrines brought to India by the Ten TribesPersia," ii. 596, London, 1815). The Kareens of BurmaAfghans still call themselves "Beni-Israel, because of their " and are declared to have a markedly Jewish appearance. Their claim to Israelitish descent is allowed by most Mohammedan writers. G. Moore, their name for God (in his "YwwahLost Tribes"(pp. 143-160, London, 1861), and their use of bones of fowls for divination purposes, are also identified by him and by Mason as descendants of the Lost Afghans with the Ten Tribes.
===Bristish Israelites=Sino-Caucasian====
The identification From the similar traditions among the Jews of the SacæCaucasus, or Scythiansaccording to Chorny ("Sefer ha-Massa'ot, with the Ten Tribes because they appear in history at the same time" p. 585, and very nearly in the same placeSt. Petersburg, as the Israelites removed by Shalmaneser1884), is one of the chief supports Jews of Derbent declared that the theory which identifies Daghestan Jews were those who were carried away by the English peopleAssyrians, and indeed the whole Teutonic racethat some of them had ultimately migrated to Bokhara, with the Ten Tribesand even as far as China. Dan It is identified sometimes with Denmark, and sometimes with the Tuatha da Danaun of Irish tradition; but the main argument advanced is course, only natural that the English satisfy the conditions of the Prophets regarding Israel in so far as they live outlying colonies in a far-off isleChina, speak in a strange tongue, have colonies throughout the worldIndia, and yet worship even in the true God. For further discussion Sahara should have been at one time or another identified as remnants of the argument and the history of its development see Anglo-IsraelismLost Ten Tribes.
====Japan====
(see image) (From McLeod's "Epitome of the Ancient History of Japan," Tokyo, 1879.)One of the most curious offshoots of the theory is that which identifies the Shindai, or holy class, of Japan as the descendants of the Lost Ten Tribes. In fact, many Japanese and tibetans do indeed belong to the Sinitic Canaanite Y-DNA Haplogroup D of the Nethinim. This is advocated by N. McLeod in his "Epitome of the Ancient History of Japan" (3d ed., Tokyo, 1879). He calls attention to a point of agreement between the two, namely, the fact that the first known king of Japan was Osee, 730 B.C., and the last king of Israel was Hosea, who died 722 B.C. In addition to this, McLeod points out that the Shinto temple is divided into a holy and a most holy place. The priests wear a linen dress, bonnet, and breeches, like the Jewish priests of old, and the ancient Temple instruments are used in the Shinto temple. The Japanese worship their ancestors, as the old Israelites did; and in addition to this McLeod points out the Jewish appearance of some Japanese, and supplements his "Epitome" with a volume of illustrations depicting among other things the supposed rafts on which the Israelites crossed, via Saghalien, to Japan, and their supposed order of march. Still further removed is the suggestion of some writers that the Australians are the Lost Tribes because they practise circumcision ("Allg. Zeit. de. Jud." 1842, No. 6).
Quite recently the Masai of British East Africa have been identified owing to similarity of custom (M. Merker, "Die Masai," Berlin, 1904).
====America====
Immediately after the discovery of Central and South America the legend of the Lost Tribes began to be referred to the aboriginal inhabitants. Most of the Native Americans belong to Y-DNA Haplogroup Q of the Benjaminite Jews of Yemen. Garcia, in his "Origen de los Medianos" (1607, pp. 79-128), declares that the Tribes passed over the "Strait of Aninai," i.e., Bering Strait, and went by that way to Mexico and South America. He deduces their identity from the common cowardice and want of charity of the Israelites and Indians. Both of these peoples, according to him, bury their dead on the hills, give kisses on the cheek as a sign of peace, tear their clothes as a sign of mourning, and dance as a sign of triumph. Garcia claimed to have found many Hebrew terms in the American language.
According to Manasseh ben Israel, Antonio Montesinos deposed in 1644 before the bet din of Amsterdam that while traveling in Peru he had met with a number of the natives who recited the "Shema'" in Hebrew, and who informed him through an interpreter that they were Israelites descended from Reuben, and that the tribe of Joseph dwelt in the midst of the sea. He supported their statements by tracing Jewish customs among other inhabitants of Central and South America. The Indians of Yucatan and the Mexicans rent their garments in mourning and kept perpetual fires upon their altars, as did also the Peruvians. The Mexicans kept the jubilee, while the Indians of Peru and Guatemala observed the custom of levirate marriage. Manasseh ben Israel therefore concluded that the aboriginal inhabitants of America were the Lost Ten Tribes, and as he was of the opinion that the Messiah would come when the whole world was inhabited by the descendants of Israel, he directed his efforts to obtaining admission for the Jews to the British Islands, from which they were at that time excluded (see Manasseh ben Israel). The Mexican theory was later taken up by Viscount Kingsborough, who devoted his life and fortune to proving the thesis that the Mexicans were descended from the Lost Ten Tribes, and published a magnificent and expensive work on the subject ("Antiquities of Mexico," 9 vols., 1837-45). Kingsborough's chief arguments are that Mexicans and Israelites believe in both devils and angels, as well as in miracles, and use the blood of the sacrifice in the same way, namely, by pouring it on the ground; also that the high priest of Peru is the only one allowed to enter the inner, most holy part of the temple, and that the Peruvians anointed the Ark, as did the Israelites. He also finds many similarities in the myths and legends. Thus certain Mexican heroes are said to have wrestled with Quetzalcohuatl, like Jacob with the angel ("Antiquities of Mexico," vol. vii.).
=====North-American Indians=====
Manasseh b. Israel's views were taken up by T. Thorowgood in his "Jewes in America" (London, 1650), and he was followed by the "Apostle" Eliot in a publication ten years later; and their views, referring now to the North-American Indians instead of the Mexicans or Peruvians, were adopted by Cotton Mather, Roger Williams, and even William Penn. S. Sewall also gave expression, in 1697, to the same views in a special publication.
Charles Beatty, in his "Journal of a Two-Months' Tour" (London, 1678), declared that he had found among the Delaware Indians traces of Israelitish origin; and J. Adair, in his "History of the American Indians" (London, 1775), devotes a considerable amount of attention to the same view, which he accepts. Adair was followed by Jonathan Edwards. A special work was written by E. Boudinot ("A Star in the West," Trenton, N. J., 1816); and he was followed by Ethan Smith in 1825, and by Israel Worsley ("View of the American Indians, Showing Them to Be Descendants of the Lost Tribes of Israel," London, 1828). Mordecai M. Noah accepted the Israelitish origin of the Indians (1837) in a pamphlet republished in Marryat's "Diary in America" (vol. ii.). J. B. Finlay claimed to have found traces among the Wyandottes in 1840, and the view was even considered by George Catlin in his "Manners . . . of the North American Indians" (London, 1841). Discoveries of alleged Hebrew tablets, as at Pittsfield, Mass., 1815, and Newark, Ohio, about 1860, have given fresh vigor to the theory. Altogether, with the exception of the Anglo-Israelite craze, a larger amount of literature has been written on this identification than on any other.
======The Mormons======
It was doubtless owing to this belief in the identity of the Lost Ten Tribes with the American Indians that Joseph Smith was led to adopt a somewhat similar view in his celebrated "Book of Mormon." According to him, America was colonized by two sets of people—one being the Jaredites, who came over after the dispersion from the Tower of Babel; the other a group of sixteen, who came from Jerusalem about 600 B.C. Their chief families were destroyed about the fourth century B.C., and descendants of the remainder are the North-American Indians.
====India & Burma====
G. Moore, indeed, attempts to prove that the high-class Hindus, including all the Buddhists, are descendants of the [[Ashkenazite Nation|Sacæ]], or [[Ashkenazite Nation|Scythians]], who, again, were the Lost Ten Tribes. He transcribes many of the Indian inscriptions into Hebrew of a wonderful kind to prove this contention. Buddhism, according to him, is a fraudulent development of Old Testament doctrines brought to India by the Ten Tribes. The Kareens of Burma, because of their Jewish appearance, their name for God ("Ywwah"), and their use of bones of fowls for divination purposes, are also identified by him and by Mason as descendants of the Lost Tribes.
==Bibliography==
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