The tenth century [[Shmuel Samuel ben Hophni's Noahide Law|rediscovery in the Cairo Genizah]] of a biblical-commentary by [[Samuel ben Hophni Gaon]] lists thirty Noahide Commandments based , Gaon, endows us with yet another significant statement on Ulla's Talmudic statementthe Laws of the Sons of Noah. Father-in-law to the better remembered Hai Gaon, Samuel ben Hophni was head of the academy at Sura, southern Babylonia, though in the text is problematicyear 1000. Samuel ben Hophni goes on to compose a list of these thirty commands. He includes Rashi, explicating the prohibitions against suicide and false oathsTalmud (Hullin 92), about a hundred years later, as well as remarked that the thirty laws are nowhere identified. It was this gap that the imperatives related Gaon was undertaking to prayer, sacrifices and honoring one's parentsfill. The commandmentsGaon also provided each of his laws with a Pentateuchal proof text and as a result, according we are in a better position to Shmuel ben Hophni Gaon, cover:fathom the meaning and nature of each.
=== Prohibition against idolatry===Justice, the eighteenth item, does not actually appear in the Genizah manuscripts, but was supplied as likely. That is, each surviving manuscript is defective between the seventeenth and nineteenth positions, but since justice is the only one of the basic seven Laws of Noah which would otherwise be absent from the Gaon's thirty, and since we have every reason to expect that the Gaon recognized the basic seven, justice must have originally featured in the eighteenth position.
1The following is a listing of Samuel ben Hophni's thirty laws, re-arranged in the order following Maimonides listing of the seven laws. For the original ordering and further discussion see [[Samuel ben Hophni's Noahide Law]]. No ===[[idolatryProhibition of Idolatry]]=== 1. No idolatry<br>
2. To pray<br>
3. To offer ritual sacrifices only to God<br>
=== [[Prohibition against blasphemyof Blasphemy]]=== 4. To believe in the singularity of God, see, [[Monotheism]]<br>5. No [[blasphemy]]<br>6. No [[witchcraft]]<br>7. No [[Haruspex|soothsayers]]<br>8. No [[Conjuration|conjurers]]<br>
9. No sorcerers<br>
10. No [[Medium (spirituality)|mediums]]<br>11. No [[demonology]]<br>12. No [[Magic (paranormal)|wizardry]]<br>13. No [[necromancy]]<br>
14. To respect father & mother<br>
===[[Prohibition against murderof Homicide]]=== 15. No [[murder]]<br>
16. No suicide<br>
17. No Moloch worship (infant sacrifice)<br> ===[[MolochProhibition of Sexual Immorality]] worship === 18. No adultery<br>19. Formal legal marriages<br>20. No incest with close relatives<br>21. No sodomy (infant sacrificei.e. homosexuality)<br>22. No bestiality<br>23. Not to crossbreed animals<br>24. No castration<br>
===[[Prohibition against of Theft]]===18. No stealing<br>
===Prohibition against sexual immorality===1925. No [[adultery]]<br>20. Formal legal [[marriage]]sstealing<br>21. No [[incest]] with close relatives<br>22. No ===[[sodomyProhibition of Limb of a Living Creature]] (i.e. [[homosexuality]])<br>23. No [[Zoophilia|bestiality]]<br>24. Not to [[Crossbreeding|crossbreed animals]]<br>25. No [[castration]]<br>===
===Prohibition against Eating the limb of a living animal===
26. Not to eat a limb of a living creature<br>
27. Not to eat or drink blood<br>
28. Not to eat [[carrion (biology)|carrion]] (for those recognised by a [[''Beth Din]]'')<br> ===[[Imperative of Legal System]]===
===Establish Courts of Justice===
29. To establish courts and a system of justice<br>
30. No false oaths<br>
==The Sixty Six Noahide Laws==
The contemporary Rabbi Aaron Lichtenstein counts 66 instructions but , following the general consensus of halacha, sees the [[Seven Laws as Categories]]. In Rabbi Harvey Falk has suggested that much work remains Aaron Lichtenstein's opinion it is possible to look at all seven laws with the view towards establishing the extent to which they, severally, correspond to the Jewish law directed at Jews. His study seeks to be done resolve the question raised in order the correspondence as to properly identify all the categorization of the Laws of Noah. He sought to prove that the Noahide Commandmentsearliest sources on Noahism, their divisions and subdivisionsthe writers who deal with these sources conscientiously, view the seven categories as subject heads for a mass of legal dicta.
His intention was not to define Noahide law in terms of an expanded list of sixty six laws, rather only to prove that the volume of Noahide Law is greater - when compared to the volume of Israelite Law - than a ratio of 7 to 613 would indicate. His book "The Seven Laws of Noah" demonstrates the breadth of Noahic legislation.<ref>[[Aaron Lichtenstein|Lichtenstein, Aaron]]. "The Seven Laws of Noah". New York: The Rabbi Jacob Joseph School Press and Z. Berman Books, 2d ed. 1986</ref> ===[[Prohibition against idolatryof Idolatry]]===
1. "Against entertaining the thought that there exists a deity except Hashem." (Negative 1)<br>
10. "Against turning to idolatry [in word, in thought, in deed, or by any observance that may draw us to its worship]." (Negative 10)<br>
===[[Prohibition against blasphemyof Blasphemy]]===
11. "To acknowledge the existence of G-d." (Positive 1)<br>
18. "Against blaspheming." (Negative 60)<br>
===[[Prohibition against theftof Homicide]]===
19. "Against stealing. [i.e., by stealth]" (Negative 244)<br>20. "Against committing robbery. [i.e., openly]" (Negative 245)<br>21. "Against shifting a landmark." (Negative 246)<br>22. "Against cheating." (Negative 247)<br>23. "Against repudiating a claim of money owed." (Negative 248)<br>24. "Against overchargingany person murdering anyone." (Negative 250)<br>25. "Against coveting." (Negative 265)<br>26. "Against desiring." (Negative 266)<br>27. "A laborer shall be allowed to eat of the fruits among which he works [under certain conditions]." (Positive 201)<br>28. "Against a laborer eating of such fruit [when certain conditions are not met]." (Negative 267)<br>29. "Against a laborer taking of such fruit home." (Negative 268)<br>30. "Against kidnapping." (Negative 243)<br>31. "Against the use of false weights & measures." (Negative 271)<br>32. "Against the possession of false weights & measures." (Negative 272)<br>33. "That one shall be exact in the use of weights & measures." (Positive 208)<br>34. "That the robber shall return [or pay for] the stolen object." (Positive 194289)<br>
===[[Prohibition against murderof Sexual Immorality]]===
3520. "Against any person murdering anyone[a man] having union with his mother." (Negative 289330)<br>21. "Against [a man] having union with his sister." (Negative 331)<br>22. "Against [a man] having union with the wife of his father." (Negative 332)<br>23. "Against [a man] having union with another man's wife." (Negative 347)<br>24. "Against [a man] copulating with a beast." (Negative 348)<br>25. "Against a woman copulating with a beast." (Negative 349)<br>26. "Against [a man] lying carnally with a male." (Negative 350)<br>27. "Against [a man] lying carnally with his father." (Negative 351)<br>28. "Against [a man] lying carnally with his father's brother." (Negative 352)<br>29. "Against engaging in erotic conduct that may lead to a prohibited union. [That is, petting by persons whose marriage would be illicit.]" (Negative 353)<br>
===[[Prohibition against sexual immoralityof Theft]]===
3630. "Against stealing. [a mani.e., by stealth] having union with his mother" (Negative 244)<br>31. "Against committing robbery. [i.e., openly]" (Negative 330245)<br>3732. "Against [shifting a man] having union with his sisterlandmark." (Negative 246)<br>33. "Against cheating." (Negative 331247)<br>3834. "Against [repudiating a man] having union with the wife claim of his fathermoney owed." (Negative 248)<br>35. "Against overcharging." (Negative 250)<br>36. "Against coveting." (Negative 265)<br>37. "Against desiring." (Negative 332266)<br>38. "A laborer shall be allowed to eat of the fruits among which he works [under certain conditions]." (Positive 201)<br>39. "Against a laborer eating of such fruit [a manwhen certain conditions are not met] having union with another man's wife." (Negative 347267)<br>40. "Against [a man] copulating with a beastlaborer taking of such fruit home." (Negative 348268)<br>41. "Against a woman copulating with a beastkidnapping." (Negative 349243)<br>42. "Against [a man] lying carnally with a malethe use of false weights & measures." (Negative 350271)<br>43. "Against [a man] lying carnally with his fatherthe possession of false weights & measures." (Negative 351272)<br>44. "Against [a man] lying carnally with his father's brotherThat one shall be exact in the use of weights & measures." (Negative 352Positive 208)<br>45. "Against engaging in erotic conduct that may lead to a prohibited union. That the robber shall return [That is, petting by persons whose marriage would be illicitor pay for] the stolen object.]" (Negative 353Positive 194)<br>
===Establish Courts [[Prohibition of JusticeLimb of a Living Creature]]===
46. "To appoint judges and officers in each and every community." (Positive 176)<br>47. "To treat the litigants equally before the law." (Positive 177)<br>48. "To inquire diligently into the testimony of a witness." (Positive 179)<br>49. "Against the wanton miscarriag of justice by the court." (Negative 273)<br>50. "Against the judge accepting eating a bribe or gift limb severed from a litigant." (Negative 274)<br>51. "Against the judge showing marks of honor to but one litigant." (Negative 275)<br>52. "Against the judge acting in fear of a litigant's threats." (Negative 276)<br>53. "Against the judge, out of compassion, favoring a poor litigant." (Negative 277)<br>54. "Against the judge discriminating against the litigant because he is a sinner." (Negative 278)<br>55. "Against the judgeliving animal, out of softnessbeast, putting aside the penalty of a mauler or killerfowl." (Negative 279182)<br>5647. "Against eating the judge discriminating against a stranger or an orphan." (Negative 280)<br>57. "Against the judge hearing one litigant in the absence of another." (Negative 281)<br>58. "Against appointing a judge who lacks knowledge flesh of the Law." (Negative 284)<br>59. "Against incrimination any animal which was torn by circumstantial evidence." (Negative 290)<br>60. "Against punishing for a crime committed under duress." (Negative 294)<br>61. "That the court is to administer the death penalty by the sword [i.e.wild beast which, in part, decapitation]." (Positive 226)<br>62. "Against anyone taking the law into his own hands to kill prohibits the perpetrator eating of a capital crime." (Negative 292)<br>63. "To testify in court." (Positive 178)<br>64. "Against testifying falselysuch flesh as was torn off an animal while it was still alive." (Negative 285181)<br>
===Prohibition against Eating the limb [[Imperative of a living animalLegal System]]===
6548. "To appoint judges and officers in each and every community." (Positive 176)<br>49. "To treat the litigants equally before the law." (Positive 177)<br>50. "To inquire diligently into the testimony of a witness." (Positive 179)<br>51. "Against the wanton miscarriag of justice by the court." (Negative 273)<br>52. "Against eating the judge accepting a limb severed bribe or gift from a living animallitigant." (Negative 274)<br>53. "Against the judge showing marks of honor to but one litigant." (Negative 275)<br>54. "Against the judge acting in fear of a litigant's threats." (Negative 276)<br>55. "Against the judge, out of compassion, favoring a poor litigant." (Negative 277)<br>56. "Against the judge discriminating against the litigant because he is a sinner." (Negative 278)<br>57. "Against the judge, beastout of softness, putting aside the penalty of a mauler or killer." (Negative 279)<br>58. "Against the judge discriminating against a stranger or fowlan orphan." (Negative 182280)<br>6659. "Against eating the flesh judge hearing one litigant in the absence of any animal which was torn another." (Negative 281)<br>60. "Against appointing a judge who lacks knowledge of the Law." (Negative 284)<br>61. "Against incrimination by circumstantial evidence." (Negative 290)<br>62. "Against punishing for a wild beast whichcrime committed under duress." (Negative 294)<br>63. "That the court is to administer the death penalty by the sword [i.e., in part, prohibits decapitation]." (Positive 226)<br>64. "Against anyone taking the law into his own hands to kill the eating perpetrator of such flesh as was torn off an animal while it was still alivea capital crime." (Negative 292)<br>65. "To testify in court." (Positive 178)<br>66. "Against testifying falsely." (Negative 181285)<br>
==See also==
* [[Seven Laws as Categories]]
* [[Samuel ben Hophni's Noahide Law]]
* [[Maimonides' Law of Noahides]]
* [[613 mitzvot]]
* [[613 Mitzvos according to Sefer Hamitzvos of Rambam]]
[[es:Subdivisión de las Leyes de Noé]]
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/bpilant613/public_html/w/extensions/MobileFrontend/includes/diff/InlineDiffFormatter.php:103) in /home/bpilant613/public_html/w/includes/WebResponse.php on line 42
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/bpilant613/public_html/w/extensions/MobileFrontend/includes/diff/InlineDiffFormatter.php:103) in /home/bpilant613/public_html/w/includes/WebResponse.php on line 42
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/bpilant613/public_html/w/extensions/MobileFrontend/includes/diff/InlineDiffFormatter.php:103) in /home/bpilant613/public_html/w/includes/WebResponse.php on line 42
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/bpilant613/public_html/w/extensions/MobileFrontend/includes/diff/InlineDiffFormatter.php:103) in /home/bpilant613/public_html/w/includes/WebResponse.php on line 42 Changes - Wikinoah English
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/bpilant613/public_html/w/extensions/MobileFrontend/includes/diff/InlineDiffFormatter.php:103) in /home/bpilant613/public_html/w/includes/WebResponse.php on line 42
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/bpilant613/public_html/w/extensions/MobileFrontend/includes/diff/InlineDiffFormatter.php:103) in /home/bpilant613/public_html/w/includes/WebResponse.php on line 42
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/bpilant613/public_html/w/extensions/MobileFrontend/includes/diff/InlineDiffFormatter.php:103) in /home/bpilant613/public_html/w/includes/WebResponse.php on line 42
