The tenth century [[Shmuel Samuel ben Hophni's Noahide Law|rediscovery in the Cairo Genizah]] of a biblical-commentary by [[Samuel ben Hophni Gaon]] lists thirty Noahide Commandments based , Gaon, endows us with yet another significant statement on Ulla's Talmudic statementthe Laws of the Sons of Noah. Father-in-law to the better remembered Hai Gaon, Samuel ben Hophni was head of the academy at Sura, southern Babylonia, though in the text is problematicyear 1000. Samuel ben Hophni goes on to compose a list of these thirty commands. He includes Rashi, explicating the prohibitions against suicide and false oathsTalmud (Hullin 92), about a hundred years later, as well as remarked that the thirty laws are nowhere identified. It was this gap that the imperatives related Gaon was undertaking to prayer, sacrifices and honoring one's parentsfill. The commandmentsGaon also provided each of his laws with a Pentateuchal proof text and as a result, according we are in a better position to Shmuel ben Hophni Gaon, cover:fathom the meaning and nature of each.
=== Prohibition against idolatry===1Justice, the eighteenth item, does not actually appear in the Genizah manuscripts, but was supplied as likely. No [[idolatry]]2. To pray 3. To offer ritual sacrifices That is, each surviving manuscript is defective between the seventeenth and nineteenth positions, but since justice is the only one of the basic seven Laws of Noah which would otherwise be absent from the Gaon's thirty, and since we have every reason to Godexpect that the Gaon recognized the basic seven, justice must have originally featured in the eighteenth position.
=== Prohibition against blasphemy===4. To believe The following is a listing of Samuel ben Hophni's thirty laws, re-arranged in the singularity order following Maimonides listing of God, the seven laws. For the original ordering and further discussion see, [[Monotheism]]5. No [[blasphemy]]6. No [[witchcraft]] 7. No [[Haruspex|soothsayers]]8. No [[Conjuration|conjurers]]9. No sorcerers 10. No [[Medium (spirituality)|mediums]] 11. No [[demonology]] 12. No [[Magic (paranormal)|wizardry]]13. No [[necromancySamuel ben Hophni's Noahide Law]] 14. To respect father & mother
===[[Prohibition against murderof Idolatry]]===15. No [[murder]]16. No suicide 17. No [[Moloch]] worship (infant sacrifice)
===Prohibition against Theft===1. No idolatry<br>182. No stealingTo pray<br>3. To offer ritual sacrifices only to God<br>
===[[Prohibition against sexual immoralityof Blasphemy]]===19. No [[adultery]] 20. Formal legal [[marriage]]s 21. No [[incest]] with close relatives22. No [[sodomy]] (i.e. [[homosexuality]])23. No [[Zoophilia|bestiality]] 24. Not to [[Crossbreeding|crossbreed animals]] 25. No [[castration]]
===Prohibition against Eating 4. To believe in the limb singularity of a living animal===God, see, Monotheism<br>5. No blasphemy<br>6. No witchcraft<br>7. No soothsayers<br>8. No conjurers<br>9. No sorcerers<br>10. No mediums<br>11. No demonology<br>2612. Not to eat a limb of a living creature No wizardry<br>2713. Not to eat or drink blood No necromancy<br>2814. Not to eat [[carrion (biology)|carrion]] (for those recognised by a [[Beth Din]]) To respect father & mother<br>
===Establish Courts [[Prohibition of JusticeHomicide]]=== 15. No murder<br>16. No suicide<br>17. No Moloch worship (infant sacrifice)<br> ===[[Prohibition of Sexual Immorality]]=== 18. No adultery<br>19. Formal legal marriages<br>20. No incest with close relatives<br>21. No sodomy (i.e. homosexuality)<br>22. No bestiality<br>23. Not to crossbreed animals<br>24. No castration<br> ===[[Prohibition of Theft]]=== 25. No stealing<br> ===[[Prohibition of Limb of a Living Creature]]=== 26. Not to eat a limb of a living creature<br>27. Not to eat or drink blood<br>28. Not to eat carrion (for those recognised by a ''Beth Din'')<br> ===[[Imperative of Legal System]]=== 29. To establish courts and a system of justice<br>30. No false oaths <br>
==The Sixty Six Noahide Laws==
The contemporary Rabbi Aaron Lichtenstein counts 66 instructions but , following the general consensus of halacha, sees the [[Seven Laws as Categories]]. In Rabbi Harvey Falk has suggested Aaron Lichtenstein's opinion it is possible to look at all seven laws with the view towards establishing the extent to which they, severally, correspond to the Jewish law directed at Jews. His study seeks to resolve the question raised in the correspondence as to the categorization of the Laws of Noah. He sought to prove that much work remains the earliest sources on Noahism, and the writers who deal with these sources conscientiously, view the seven categories as subject heads for a mass of legal dicta. His intention was not to be done define Noahide law in order terms of an expanded list of sixty six laws, rather only to prove that the volume of Noahide Law is greater - when compared to the volume of Israelite Law - than a ratio of 7 to properly identify all 613 would indicate. His book "The Seven Laws of Noah" demonstrates the breadth of Noahic legislation.<ref>[[Aaron Lichtenstein|Lichtenstein, Aaron]]. "The Seven Laws of Noah". New York: The Rabbi Jacob Joseph School Press and Z. Berman Books, 2d ed. 1986</ref> ===[[Prohibition of Idolatry]]=== 1. "Against entertaining the Noahide Commandmentsthought that there exists a deity except Hashem." (Negative 1)<br>2. "Against making any graven image [& against having anyone else make one for us]." (Negative 2)<br>3. "Against making idols for use by others." (Negative 3)<br>4. "Against making any forbidden statues [even when they are for ornamental purposes]." (Negative 4)<br>5. "Against bowing to any idol [& not to sacrifice nor to pour libation nor to burn incense before any idol, even where it is not the customary manner of worship to the particular idol]." (Negative 5)<br>6. "Against worshipping idols in any of their divisions and subdivisionscustomary manners of worship." (Negative 6)<br>7. "Against causing our children to pass [through the fire] in the worship of Molech." (Negative 7)<br>8. "Against practicing Ov." (Negative 8)<br>9. "Against practicing Yiddoni." (Negative 9)<br>10. "Against turning to idolatry [in word, in thought, in deed, or by any observance that may draw us to its worship]." (Negative 10)<br>
===[[Prohibition against idolatryof Blasphemy]]===
111. "Against entertaining To acknowledge the thought that there exists a deity except Hashemexistence of G-d." (Negative Positive 1)<br>2. "Against making any graven image [& against having anyone else make one for us]." (Negative 2)3. "Against making idols for use by others." (Negative 3)412. "Against making any forbidden statues [even when they are for ornamental purposes]To fear G-d." (Negative Positive 4)<br>513. "Against bowing to any idol [& not to sacrifice nor to pour libation nor to burn incense before any idol, even where it is not the customary manner of worship To pray to the particular idol]Him." (Negative Positive 5)<br>614. "Against worshipping idols To sanctify G-d's name [in any face of their customary manners of worshipdeath, where appropriate]." (Negative 6Positive 9)<br>715. "Against causing our children to pass desecrating G-d's name [through the fire] even in the worship face of Molechdeath, when appropriate]." (Negative 763)<br>816. "Against practicing OvTo study the Torah." (Negative 8Positive 11)<br>917. "Against practicing YiddoniTo honor the scholars, and to revere one's teacher." (Negative 9Positive 209)<br>1018. "Against turning to idolatry [in word, in thought, in deed, or by any observance that may draw us to its worship]blaspheming." (Negative 1060) <br>
===[[Prohibition against blasphemyof Homicide]]===
11. "To acknowledge the existence of G-d." (Positive 1)12. "To fear G-d." (Positive 4)13. "To pray to Him." (Positive 5)14. "To sanctify G-d's name [in face of death, where appropriate]." (Positive 9)15. "Against desecrating G-d's name [even in face of death, when appropriate]." (Negative 63)16. "To study the Torah." (Positive 11)17. "To honor the scholars, and to revere one's teacher." (Positive 209)1819. "Against blasphemingany person murdering anyone." (Negative 60289) <br>
===[[Prohibition against theftof Sexual Immorality]]===
1920. "Against stealing. [i.e., by stealtha man]" (Negative 244)20. "Against committing robbery. [ihaving union with his mother.e., openly]" (Negative 245330)<br>21. "Against shifting [a landmarkman] having union with his sister." (Negative 246331)<br>22. "Against cheating[a man] having union with the wife of his father." (Negative 247332)<br>23. "Against repudiating [a claim of money owedman] having union with another man's wife." (Negative 248347)<br>24. "Against overcharging[a man] copulating with a beast." (Negative 250348)<br>25. "Against covetinga woman copulating with a beast." (Negative 265349)<br>26. "Against desiring[a man] lying carnally with a male." (Negative 266350)<br>27. "A laborer shall be allowed to eat of the fruits among which he works Against [under certain conditionsa man]lying carnally with his father." (Positive 201Negative 351)<br>28. "Against [a laborer eating of such fruit [when certain conditions are not metman]lying carnally with his father's brother." (Negative 267352)<br>29. "Against engaging in erotic conduct that may lead to a laborer taking of such fruit homeprohibited union." (Negative 268)30. "Against kidnapping." (Negative 243)31. "Against the use of false weights & measures." (Negative 271)32. "Against the possession of false weights & measures." (Negative 272)33. "[That one shall is, petting by persons whose marriage would be exact in the use of weights & measuresillicit." (Positive 208)34. "That the robber shall return [or pay for] the stolen object." (Positive 194Negative 353) <br>
===[[Prohibition against murderof Theft]]===
30. "Against stealing. [i.e., by stealth]" (Negative 244)<br>31. "Against committing robbery. [i.e., openly]" (Negative 245)<br>32. "Against shifting a landmark." (Negative 246)<br>33. "Against cheating." (Negative 247)<br>34. "Against repudiating a claim of money owed." (Negative 248)<br>35. "Against any person murdering anyoneovercharging." (Negative 250)<br>36. "Against coveting." (Negative 265)<br>37. "Against desiring." (Negative 266)<br>38. "A laborer shall be allowed to eat of the fruits among which he works [under certain conditions]." (Positive 201)<br>39. "Against a laborer eating of such fruit [when certain conditions are not met]." (Negative 267)<br>40. "Against a laborer taking of such fruit home." (Negative 289268)<br>41. "Against kidnapping." (Negative 243)<br>42. "Against the use of false weights & measures." (Negative 271)<br>43. "Against the possession of false weights & measures." (Negative 272)<br>44. "That one shall be exact in the use of weights & measures." (Positive 208)<br>45. "That the robber shall return [or pay for] the stolen object." (Positive 194) <br>
===[[Prohibition against sexual immoralityof Limb of a Living Creature]]===
3646. "Against [eating a man] having union with his mother." (Negative 330)37. "Against [limb severed from a man] having union with his sisterliving animal, beast, or fowl." (Negative 331182)<br>3847. "Against [a man] having union with eating the wife flesh of his father." (Negative 332)39. "Against [a man] having union with another man's wife." (Negative 347)40. "Against [a man] copulating with any animal which was torn by a wild beast." (Negative 348)41. "Against a woman copulating with a beast." (Negative 349)42. "Against [a man] lying carnally with a male." (Negative 350)43. "Against [a man] lying carnally with his father." (Negative 351)44. "Against [a man] lying carnally with his father's brother." (Negative 352)45. "Against engaging which, in erotic conduct that may lead to a prohibited union. [That ispart, petting by persons whose marriage would be illicitprohibits the eating of such flesh as was torn off an animal while it was still alive.]" (Negative 353181) <br>
===Establish Courts [[Imperative of JusticeLegal System]]===
4648. "To appoint judges and officers in each and every community." (Positive 176)<br>4749. "To treat the litigants equally before the law." (Positive 177)<br>4850. "To inquire diligently into the testimony of a witness." (Positive 179)<br>4951. "Against the wanton miscarriag of justice by the court." (Negative 273)<br>5052. "Against the judge accepting a bribe or gift from a litigant." (Negative 274)<br>5153. "Against the judge showing marks of honor to but one litigant." (Negative 275)<br>5254. "Against the judge acting in fear of a litigant's threats." (Negative 276)<br>5355. "Against the judge, out of compassion, favoring a poor litigant." (Negative 277)<br>5456. "Against the judge discriminating against the litigant because he is a sinner." (Negative 278)<br>5557. "Against the judge, out of softness, putting aside the penalty of a mauler or killer." (Negative 279)<br>5658. "Against the judge discriminating against a stranger or an orphan." (Negative 280)<br>5759. "Against the judge hearing one litigant in the absence of another." (Negative 281)<br>5860. "Against appointing a judge who lacks knowledge of the Law." (Negative 284)<br>5961. "Against incrimination by circumstantial evidence." (Negative 290)<br>6062. "Against punishing for a crime committed under duress." (Negative 294)<br>6163. "That the court is to administer the death penalty by the sword [i.e., decapitation]." (Positive 226)<br>6264. "Against anyone taking the law into his own hands to kill the perpetrator of a capital crime." (Negative 292)<br>6365. "To testify in court." (Positive 178)<br>6466. "Against testifying falsely." (Negative 285) <br>
==See also=Prohibition against Eating the limb =* [[Seven Laws as Categories]]* [[Samuel ben Hophni's Noahide Law]]* [[Maimonides' Law of a living animal===Noahides]]* [[613 mitzvot]]* [[613 Mitzvos according to Sefer Hamitzvos of Rambam]]
65. "Against eating a limb severed from a living animal, beast, or fowl." (Negative 182)66. "Against eating the flesh of any animal which was torn by a wild beast which, in part, prohibits the eating of such flesh as was torn off an animal while it was still alive." (Negative 181)[[es:Subdivisión de las Leyes de Noé]]
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