The Talmudic tradition that there are seventy nations language families in the world is based on the list of Noah's descentantsdescendants<ref>R' Bachya</ref>. This tradition of seventy (-two) meta-nations is deep-rooted. According to the Midrash each of the seventy nations is placed under the protection of a special angleangel, except Israel, whose Protector is G-d Himself. <ref>Genesis Rabbah 37</ref>
==Why Seventy NationsThe seventy bullocks sacrificed on Tabernacles were offered to atone for the seventy nations. 'Woe to the nations!' says Rav Yochanan; 'for they suffered a loss [by having destroyed the Temple] and do not realize the extent of the loss. While the Temple existed the altar [the sacrifices] atoned for them, but now [that it is destroyed] who will atone for them?=='<ref>Sukkah 55b, Pesikk. 193b, 195b</ref>
Just as there were seventy nations<ref>cf. Targum Yonasan According to 11:7many commentators</ref>Radak, the words of the Torah engraved on the Tablets on Mount EbalRalbag, Chizkuni, Malbim</ref>this concept seems to underlie Deut. 27:2ff</ref> were written in seventy languages<ref>Mishna, Sotah 732:5</ref> so 8 which says that all G-d 'established the boundaries of nations might read it[i.e. For the same reason, Gseventy nations]... according to the number of the children of Israel' --d's voice at Sinai divided itself into namely the seventy languages.who descended to Egypt with Yakov <ref>Shabbos 58bGenesis 46:27</ref>
The seventy bullocks sacrificed on Tabernacles were offered members of the Sanhedrin also corresponded to atone for the seventy nationsof the world. 'Woe <ref>Targum Yerushalmi to Genesis 28:3</ref> The Jewish law required that every member of the nations!' says Rav Yochanan; 'for they suffered a loss [by having destroyed the Temple] and do not realize the extent Sanhedrin should have sufficient knowledge of the lossseventy languages to be able to listen to testimony without an interpreter. While the Temple existed the altar atoned for them, but now [that it is destroyed] who will atone for them?'<ref>Sukkah 55bSanhedrin 17a; comp. Megilah 73b; Menachos 65a</ref>
The seventy members of the Sanhedrin also corresponded to the seventy nations of the world.<ref>Targum Yerushalmi to Gensis 28:3</ref>==Seventy Languages==
There was a discussion between R. Eleazar and R. Johanan with regard to the languages spoken before the Dispersion. According to many commentators<ref>Radakthe former, Ralbageach nation had its own language, Chizkuni, Malbim</ref> this concept seems to underlie Deut. 32:8 which says that G-d 'established though it understood all the boundaries of nations [i.e. others; while the seventy nations]..latter held that only Hebrew was spoken. according to the number of te children of Israel' -- namely the seventy who descended to Egypt with Yakov <ref>Gensis 46Genesis Rabbah 11:271</ref>
According An interesting appreciation of the qualities of various languages is that given by Jonathan of Bet Gubrin. "There are," he says, "four fine languages that ought to be used by the Rabbiswhole world: Greek for poetry; Latin for war; Aramaic for the dirge; and Hebrew for general speech." Some add that the characters of the Assyrian language should be borrowed, each of but not the seventy nations language itself, which is placed under the protection of not an original one.<ref>Yerushalmi Meggilah 1,71a</ref> According to a special angelhaggadah, the angels understand all languages except Israelthe Aramaic, whose protector and therefore it is G-d Himself (Genrecommended not to pray in that language. R. xxxvii.). On <ref>Shabbos 12b</ref> Gabriel, however, is an exception to the rule, for to his teaching the Feast haggadah attributes Joseph's knowledge of Tabernaclesall the seventy languages. "The astrologers, " it is said related in a the haggadah, seventy sacrifices were offered, one for each nation. "Wo said to the nationsPharaoh: 'What!" says R. Johanan; "they had suffered Shall a great loss without realizing what they had lost. While the Temple existed the altar [the sacrifices] atoned for them; but now slave who will atone was bought for themtwenty pieces of silver rule over us?" (Suk. 55a; Pesik.. 193b' Pharaoh replied: 'But I find him endowed with kingly attributes!' 'If that is the case,' they answered, 195b). There was a discussion between R. Eleazar and R. Johanan with regard to 'he must know the seventy languages spoken before the Dispersion. According to ' Then Gabriel taught him all the formerseventy languages"<ref>Sotah 36b; Yalkut Re'uveni, each nation had its own languageMiketz, though it understood all the others; while the latter held that only Hebrew was spoken (Gen. R. xi. 1).71b</ref>
An interesting appreciation of the qualities of various languages is that given by Jonathan of Bet Gubrin. "There are," he says, "four fine The Torah was written in seventy languages in order that ought to be used by the whole world: Greek for poetry; Latin for war; Aramaic for the dirge; and Hebrew for general speech." Some add that the characters of the Assyrian language nations should not be borrowed, but not the language itself, which is not an original one (Yerable to plead ignorance as their excuse for rejecting it. Meg<ref>Tosef. i. 71a). According to a haggadah, Sotah 8</ref> Among the angels understand all seventy languages except the Aramaic, and therefore it most noble is recommended not to pray in that language (Shab. 12b). Gabriel, however, is an exception to the ruleHebrew, for to his teaching in it was pronounced the haggadah attributes Joseph's knowledge creative word of all the seventy languagesG-d. "The astrologers," it is related in the haggadah, "said to Pharaoh: 'What! Shall a slave who was bought for twenty pieces of silver rule over us?' Pharaoh replied: 'But I find him endowed with kingly attributes!' 'If that is the case<ref>Genesis Rabbah 18,' they answered, 'he must know the seventy languages.' Then Gabriel taught him all the seventy languages" (Sot.ah 36b31; "Yalk. Re'ubeniYalkut," section "Miketz," p. 71b).Genesis 52</ref>
The word Just as there were seventy nations<ref>cf. Targum Yonasan to 11:7</ref>, the words of G-d was pronounced the Torah engraved on the Tablets on Mount Sinai in seventy languages (ShabEbal<ref>Deut. 88a; Ex. R. v.; comp. Acts ii. 5). The Torah was 27:2ff</ref> were written in seventy languages in order <ref>Mishna, Sotah 7:5</ref> so that all the nations should not be able to plead ignorance as their excuse for rejecting might read it (Tosef., Sot.ah, viii.). Among the seventy languages For the most noble is Hebrewsame reason, for in it was pronounced the creative word of G-d (Gen. R. xviii., xxxi.; Yalk.., Gen. 52). The Jewish law required that every member of the Sanhedrin should have sufficient knowledge of the 's voice at Sinai divided itself into seventy languages to be able to do without an interpreter (Sanh. 17a<ref>Shabbos 58b; Shabbos 88a; Exodus Rabbah 5; comp. Meg. 73b; Men. 65a)Acts ii.5</ref>
== Rabbinic View of Parallels to the Table of Seventy Nations ==
The majority of Palestinian and Babylonian scholars considered the ethnological table to be a simple historical narrative, enumerating, without any pretense to completeness, Harav David Feinstein explains the descendants significance of Noah, and indicating the places they had chosen for their respective residences. This is clearly expressed by R. Huna of Sepphoris, who, interpreting Canticles 6:8 as an allusion many parallels to the seventy nations and their languages, says: "Sixty and eighty are one hundred and forty. Of these, there are the seventy nations, each of languages into which possesses a separate language but not a separate scriptthe Torah was translated, and the seventy other nations, each offerings of which possesses both a separate language and a separate script; as to the nations which possess neither a separate language nor a separate script, they are numberless" (Cant. R. l.c.). In a later midrash, the "Midrash ha-Gadol," it is inferred from Cant. vi. 8 that there were only sixty original nationsTabernacles, eliminating from the ethnological table the ten nations descended from Japheth, Gomer, Javan, Ham, Cush, Raamah, Shem, Mizraim, Aram, and Joktan. As to the languages, the "Midrash ha-Gadol" counts seventy-two, as do the Christian authorities. "The total number of the countries that the children of Noah divided among their descendants was 104; of islands, 99; of languages, 72; and members of scripts, 16. To the share of Japheth fell 44 countries, 33 islands, 22 languages, and 5 scripts; Ham received 34 countries, 33 islands, 24 languages, and 5 scripts; Shem, 26 countries, 33 islands, 26 languages, and 6 scriptsSanhedrin."
Indeed, on the verse "He established the boundaries of nations according to the number of the children of Israel"<ref>Deut 32:8</ref>, the Sages comment that G-d established seventy nations because Jacob's family numbered seventy when he descended to Egypt. Why was it necessary for the number of nations to correspond to the number of Jews? Moreover, at the conclusion of the forty years in the desert Moses explained th Torah to the Jews in all seventy languages.<ref>Deut. 1:5 see Rashi</ref> Why was necessary for him to use seventy languages when all his listeners were Hebrew-speaking Jews? Each of the seventy nations represented a unique characteristic, as the Sages say, one excelled in warfare, another in licentiousness, another in beauty and so on. All of these national virtues and strains of character are present in Israel as well for each person has gifts to develop and temptations to overcome. G-d wants all nations to rise to their greatest spiritual potential. These variations were present in the individuals of Jacob's family. And the seventy languages used by Moses parallel the seventy facets of Torah; each 'speaks' to one of the seventy characteristics with which G-d has populated the world. (It may also be suggested that each of the seventy offerings of Tabernacles atoned for the trespasses of each of these seventy national characteristics present within Israel, and consequently the nations of the world benefited from this universal atonement). Israel, as the spiritual model of the world, was to demonstrate within itself that eminence is within reach of every nation; that every type of person can live a Torah life. Therefore, a significant portion of Jewish life revolves around the number seventy to symbolize that every national trait can become harnessed for holy purposes.<ref>Artscroll Bereshis, Vol 1, p. 309</ref> == Other Views of the Table of Nations === The majority of Palestinian and Babylonian scholars considered the ethnological table to be a simple historical narrative, enumerating, without any pretense to completeness, the descendants of Noah, and indicating the places they had chosen for their respective residences. This is clearly expressed by R. Huna of Sepphoris, who, interpreting Canticles 6:8 as an allusion to the nations and their languages, says: "Sixty and eighty are one hundred and forty. Of these, there are seventy nations, each of which possesses a separate language but not a separate script, and seventy other nations, each of which possesses both a separate language and a separate script; as to the nations which possess neither a separate language nor a separate script, they are numberless" (Cant. R. l.c.). In a later midrash, the "Midrash ha-Gadol," it is inferred from Cant. vi. 8 that there were only sixty original nations, eliminating from the ethnological table the ten nations descended from Japheth, Gomer, Javan, [[Ham]], Cush, Raamah, Shem, Mizraim, Aram, and Joktan. As to the languages, the "Midrash ha-Gadol" counts seventy-two, as do the Christian authorities. "The total number of the countries that the children of Noah divided among their descendants was 104; of islands, 99; of languages, 72; and of scripts, 16. To the share of Japheth fell 44 countries, 33 islands, 22 languages, and 5 scripts; Ham received 34 countries, 33 islands, 24 languages, and 5 scripts; Shem, 26 countries, 33 islands, 26 languages, and 6 scripts."
The haggadic assumption that there are seventy nations and languages in the world is based upon the ethnological table given in Genesis 10, where seventy grandsons of Noah are enumerated, each of whom became the ancestor of a nation. The earlier Christian writers also took this table as determining the number of existing nations and languages; but reckoning with the Septuagint, which counts seventy-two grandsons of Noah, there must be seventy-two nations and languages (see Augustine, "De Civitate Dei"; Anio, in his commentary on the second book of Berosus; comp. Azariah dei Rossi, "Me'or 'Enayim, Imre Binah," xlviii.). The Haggadah seems to have followed in this case the theory of the Hellenists, who regarded the ethnological table as a scientific and complete division of mankind into three races, distributed among three separate zones. This theory is expounded in the Book of Jubilees; "and at the beginning of the thirty-third jubilee they divided the earth into three parts between Shem, Ham, and Japheth, according to their inheritance" (ch. viii.).
There is some disagreement as to how the count of seventy nations is to be derived from the following verses. A counting of the names -- including Shem, Cham and Yafet, will reveal a total of seventy-four.
The common system (following Pesikta Zutresa; Torah Sheleimah 9:110) of ascribing 14 nations to Yafet; 30 to Cham; and 26 to Shem, totalling totaling seventy. Shem, Cham and Yafet themselves are omitted as are the Philistines who, according to Genesis 10:14 are designated as a mixed race.
Others include the Philstines Philistines but omit Nimrod from whom a separate nation did not descend.
Yalkut Shimoni<ref>Yalkut Shimoni 61</ref> attributes 15 nations to Yafet, 32 to Cham, and 27 to Shem, totalling totaling 74. However, Shem, Arpachshad, Shelach and Ever were too righteous to be counted among the general, leaving thetotal the total again at 70.
==Identifications==
Attempts were made by the Rabbis to identify those nations which were not known to the average reader. The Targumim to Genesis 10 and I Chron. i., both the Palestinian and the Babylonian Talmuds, and various midrashim, interpret many of the names of the Biblical nations in the light of their geographicaland geographical and ethnological knowledge. The links below list the rabbinical identifications according to Samuel Krauss, the second column giving the countries or places with which the various "nations" are associated.
The sons of Shem were not identified by the Rabbis because they were known, and of the Canaanite nations only the following places are given: Arthasia (city in Phenicia); Gebalene (in Idumea); Acra (in the Lebanon); Aradno (in Phenicia); Emesa (in Syria); Epiphania (in Syria); Callirhoe (to the east of the Dead Sea); Sidon; Tripoli (Phenicia); Cyprus.
*[[The Geography of the Seventy Nations]]
*[[Attributes of the Seventy Nations]]
*[[The 70 Gates]] - An attempt to define all seventy religions based on Rabbi Benemozegh's approach
==ReferenceReferences==
<references />
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