The Talmudic tradition that there are seventy language families in the world is based on the list of Noah's descendants<ref>R' Bachya</ref>. This tradition of seventy(-two) meta-nations is deep-rooted. According to the Midrash each of the seventy nations is placed under the protection of a special angel, except Israel, whose Protector is G-d Himself.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 37</ref>
The haggadic assumption that there are seventy nations and languages in bullocks sacrificed on Tabernacles were offered to atone for the world is based upon the ethnological table given in Gen. 10-11, where seventy grandsons of Noah are enumerated, each of whom became the ancestor of a nationnations. The earlier Christian writers also took this table as determining 'Woe to the number of existing nations and languages!' says Rav Yochanan; but reckoning with 'for they suffered a loss [by having destroyed the Septuagint, which counts seventy-two grandsons of Noah, there must be seventy-two nations Temple] and languages (see Augustine, "De Civitate Dei"; Anio, in his commentary on do not realize the second book extent of Berosus; compthe loss. Azariah dei Rossi, "Me'or 'Enayim, Imre Binah," xlviii.). The Haggadah seems to have followed in this case While the Temple existed the theory of altar [the Hellenistssacrifices] atoned for them, but now [that it is destroyed] who regarded the ethnological table as a scientific and complete division of mankind into three raceswill atone for them?'<ref>Sukkah 55b, distributed among three separate zonesPesikk. This theory is expounded in the Book of Jubilees; "and at the beginning of the thirty-third jubilee they divided the earth into three parts between Shem193b, Ham, and Japheth, according to their inheritance" (ch. viii.).195b</ref>
==Table According to many commentators<ref>Radak, Ralbag, Chizkuni, Malbim</ref> this concept seems to underlie Deut. 32:8 which says that G-d 'established the boundaries of Nations==nations [i.e. the seventy nations]... according to the number of the children of Israel' -- namely the seventy who descended to Egypt with Yakov <ref>Genesis 46:27</ref>
The majority seventy members of Palestinian and Babylonian scholars considered the ethnological table to be a simple historical narrative, enumerating, without any pretense to completeness, the descendants of Noah, and indicating the places they had chosen for their respective residences. This is clearly expressed by R. Huna of Sepphoris, who, interpreting Canticles vi. 8 as an allusion Sanhedrin also corresponded to the nations and their languages, says: "Sixty and eighty are one hundred and forty. Of these, there are seventy nations, each of which possesses a separate language but not a separate script, and seventy other nations, each of which possesses both a separate language and a separate script; as to the nations which possess neither a separate language nor a separate script, they are numberless" (Cant. R. l.c.). In a later midrash, the "Midrash ha-Gadol," it is inferred from Cantworld. vi. 8 that there were only sixty original nations, eliminating from the ethnological table the ten nations descended from Japheth, Gomer, Javan, Ham, Cush, Raamah, Shem, Mizraim, Aram, and Joktan. As <ref>Targum Yerushalmi to the languages, the "Midrash ha-Gadol" counts seventy-two, as do the Christian authorities. "Genesis 28:3</ref> The total number Jewish law required that every member of the countries that Sanhedrin should have sufficient knowledge of the children of Noah divided among their descendants was 104; of islands, 99; of seventy languages, 72to be able to listen to testimony without an interpreter.<ref>Sanhedrin 17a; and of scripts, 16comp. To the share of Japheth fell 44 countries, 33 islands, 22 languages, and 5 scriptsMegilah 73b; Ham received 34 countries, 33 islands, 24 languages, and 5 scripts; Shem, 26 countries, 33 islands, 26 languages, and 6 scripts."(see image) Barn-Houses of the National Farm School, Doylestown, Pa.(From a photograph.)Menachos 65a</ref>
Attempts were made by the Rabbis to identify those nations which were not known to the average reader. The Targumim to Gen. x. and I Chron. i., both the Palestinian and the Babylonian Talmuds, and various midrashim, interpret many of the names of the Biblical nations in the light of their geographicaland ethnological knowledge. The links below list the rabbinical identifications according to Samuel Krauss, the second column giving the countries or places with which the various "nations" are associated.==Seventy Languages==
There was a discussion between R. Eleazar and R. Johanan with regard to the languages spoken before the Dispersion. According to the former, each nation had its own language, though it understood all the others; while the latter held that only Hebrew was spoken.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 11:1</ref> An interesting appreciation of the qualities of various languages is that given by Jonathan of Bet Gubrin. "There are," he says, "four fine languages that ought to be used by the whole world: Greek for poetry; Latin for war; Aramaic for the dirge; and Hebrew for general speech." Some add that the characters of the Assyrian language should be borrowed, but not the language itself, which is not an original one.<ref>Yerushalmi Meggilah 1,71a</ref> According to a haggadah, the angels understand all languages except the Aramaic, and therefore it is recommended not to pray in that language.<ref>Shabbos 12b</ref> Gabriel, however, is an exception to the rule, for to his teaching the haggadah attributes Joseph's knowledge of all the seventy languages. "The astrologers," it is related in the haggadah, "said to Pharaoh: 'What! Shall a slave who was bought for twenty pieces of silver rule over us?' Pharaoh replied: 'But I find him endowed with kingly attributes!' 'If that is the case,' they answered, 'he must know the seventy languages.' Then Gabriel taught him all the seventy languages"<ref>Sotah 36b; Yalkut Re'uveni, Miketz, 71b</ref> The Torah was written in seventy languages in order that the nations should not be able to plead ignorance as their excuse for rejecting it.<ref>Tosef., Sotah 8</ref> Among the seventy languages the most noble is Hebrew, for in it was pronounced the creative word of G-d.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 18, 31; Yalkut, Genesis 52</ref> Just as there were seventy nations<ref>cf. Targum Yonasan to 11:7</ref>, the words of the Torah engraved on the Tablets on Mount Ebal<ref>Deut. 27:2ff</ref> were written in seventy languages<ref>Mishna, Sotah 7:5</ref> so that all the nations might read it. For the same reason, G-d's voice at Sinai divided itself into seventy languages.<ref>Shabbos 58b; Shabbos 88a; Exodus Rabbah 5; comp. Acts ii. 5</ref> ==IdentificationsParallels to the Seventy Nations == Harav David Feinstein explains the significance of the many parallels to the seventy nations: the seventy languages into which the Torah was translated, the seventy offerings of Tabernacles, the seventy members of the Sanhedrin. Indeed, on the verse "He established the boundaries of nations according to the number of the children of Israel"<ref>Deut 32:8</ref>, the Sages comment that G-d established seventy nations because Jacob's family numbered seventy when he descended to Egypt. Why was it necessary for the number of nations to correspond to the number of Jews? Moreover, at the conclusion of the forty years in the desert Moses explained th Torah to the Jews in all seventy languages.<ref>Deut. 1:5 see Rashi</ref> Why was necessary for him to use seventy languages when all his listeners were Hebrew-speaking Jews? Each of the seventy nations represented a unique characteristic, as the Sages say, one excelled in warfare, another in licentiousness, another in beauty and so on. All of these national virtues and strains of character are present in Israel as well for each person has gifts to develop and temptations to overcome. G-d wants all nations to rise to their greatest spiritual potential. These variations were present in the individuals of Jacob's family. And the seventy languages used by Moses parallel the seventy facets of Torah; each 'speaks' to one of the seventy characteristics with which G-d has populated the world. (It may also be suggested that each of the seventy offerings of Tabernacles atoned for the trespasses of each of these seventy national characteristics present within Israel, and consequently the nations of the world benefited from this universal atonement). Israel, as the spiritual model of the world, was to demonstrate within itself that eminence is within reach of every nation; that every type of person can live a Torah life. Therefore, a significant portion of Jewish life revolves around the number seventy to symbolize that every national trait can become harnessed for holy purposes.<ref>Artscroll Bereshis, Vol 1, p. 309</ref> == Table of Nations == The majority of Palestinian and Babylonian scholars considered the ethnological table to be a simple historical narrative, enumerating, without any pretense to completeness, the descendants of Noah, and indicating the places they had chosen for their respective residences. This is clearly expressed by R. Huna of Sepphoris, who, interpreting Canticles 6:8 as an allusion to the nations and their languages, says: "Sixty and eighty are one hundred and forty. Of these, there are seventy nations, each of which possesses a separate language but not a separate script, and seventy other nations, each of which possesses both a separate language and a separate script; as to the nations which possess neither a separate language nor a separate script, they are numberless" (Cant. R. l.c.). In a later midrash, the "Midrash ha-Gadol," it is inferred from Cant. vi. 8 that there were only sixty original nations, eliminating from the ethnological table the ten nations descended from Japheth, Gomer, Javan, [[Ham]], Cush, Raamah, Shem, Mizraim, Aram, and Joktan. As to the languages, the "Midrash ha-Gadol" counts seventy-two, as do the Christian authorities. "The total number of the countries that the children of Noah divided among their descendants was 104; of islands, 99; of languages, 72; and of scripts, 16. To the share of Japheth fell 44 countries, 33 islands, 22 languages, and 5 scripts; Ham received 34 countries, 33 islands, 24 languages, and 5 scripts; Shem, 26 countries, 33 islands, 26 languages, and 6 scripts." The haggadic assumption that there are seventy nations and languages in the world is based upon the ethnological table given in Genesis 10, where seventy grandsons of Noah are enumerated, each of whom became the ancestor of a nation. The earlier Christian writers also took this table as determining the number of existing nations and languages; but reckoning with the Septuagint, which counts seventy-two grandsons of Noah, there must be seventy-two nations and languages (see Augustine, "De Civitate Dei"; Anio, in his commentary on the second book of Berosus; comp. Azariah dei Rossi, "Me'or 'Enayim, Imre Binah," xlviii.). The Haggadah seems to have followed in this case the theory of the Hellenists, who regarded the ethnological table as a scientific and complete division of mankind into three races, distributed among three separate zones. This theory is expounded in the Book of Jubilees; "and at the beginning of the thirty-third jubilee they divided the earth into three parts between Shem, Ham, and Japheth, according to their inheritance" (ch. viii.). ==Enumerating the Nations== There is some disagreement as to how the count of seventy nations is to be derived from the following verses. A counting of the names -- including Shem, Cham and Yafet, will reveal a total of seventy-four. The common system (following Pesikta Zutresa; Torah Sheleimah 9:110) of ascribing 14 nations to Yafet; 30 to Cham; and 26 to Shem, totaling seventy. Shem, Cham and Yafet themselves are omitted as are the Philistines who, according to Genesis 10:14 are designated as a mixed race. Others include the Philistines but omit Nimrod from whom a separate nation did not descend.
The sons of Yalkut Shimoni<ref>Yalkut Shimoni 61</ref> attributes 15 nations to Yafet, 32 to Cham, and 27 to Shem, totaling 74. However, Shem were not identified by the Rabbis because they were known, Arpachshad, Shelach and of the Canaanite nations only the following places are given: Arthasia (city in Phenicia); Gebalene (in Idumea); Acra (in the Lebanon); Aradno (in Phenicia); Emesa (in Syria); Epiphania (in Syria); Callirhoe (Ever were too righteous to be counted among the east of general, leaving the Dead Sea); Sidon; Tripoli (Phenicia); Cyprustotal again at 70.
According to the Rabbis, each of the seventy nations is placed under the protection of a special angel, except Israel, whose protector is G-d Himself (Gen. R. xxxvii.). On the Feast of Tabernacles, it is said in a haggadah, seventy sacrifices were offered, one for each nation. "Wo to the nations!" says R. Johanan; "they had suffered a great loss without realizing what they had lost. While the Temple existed the altar [the sacrifices] atoned for them; but now who will atone for them?" (Suk. 55a; Pesik.. 193b, 195b). There was a discussion between R. Eleazar and R. Johanan with regard to the languages spoken before the Dispersion. According to the former, each nation had its own language, though it understood all the others; while the latter held that only Hebrew was spoken (Gen. R. xi. 1).==Identifications==
An interesting appreciation of Attempts were made by the qualities of various languages is that given by Jonathan of Bet Gubrin. "There are," he says, "four fine languages that ought Rabbis to be used by the whole world: Greek for poetry; Latin for war; Aramaic for the dirge; and Hebrew for general speech." Some add that the characters of the Assyrian language should be borrowed, but identify those nations which were not known to the language itself, which is not an original one (Yeraverage reader. MegThe Targumim to Genesis 10 and I Chron. i. 71a). According to a haggadah, both the angels understand all languages except Palestinian and the AramaicBabylonian Talmuds, and therefore it is recommended not to pray in that language (Shab. 12b). Gabrielvarious midrashim, however, is an exception to interpret many of the names of the rule, for to his teaching Biblical nations in the haggadah attributes Joseph's light of their geographical and ethnological knowledge of all the seventy languages. "The astrologers," it is related in links below list the haggadahrabbinical identifications according to Samuel Krauss, "said to Pharaoh: 'What! Shall a slave who was bought for twenty pieces of silver rule over us?' Pharaoh replied: 'But I find him endowed with kingly attributes!' 'If that is the case,' they answered, 'he must know second column giving the seventy languages.' Then Gabriel taught him all countries or places with which the seventy languagesvarious " (Sot.ah 36b; nations"Yalk.. Re'ubeni," section "Mik.k.ez.," p. 71b)are associated.
The word sons of G-d was pronounced on Mount Sinai Shem were not identified by the Rabbis because they were known, and of the Canaanite nations only the following places are given: Arthasia (city in seventy languages Phenicia); Gebalene (Shab. 88ain Idumea); Ex. R. v.; comp. Acts ii. 5). The Torah was written in seventy languages Acra (in order that the nations should not be able to plead ignorance as their excuse for rejecting it Lebanon); Aradno (Tosef., Sot.ah, viii.in Phenicia). Among the seventy languages the most noble is Hebrew, for ; Emesa (in it was pronounced the creative word of G-d Syria); Epiphania (Gen. R. xviii., xxxi.in Syria); Yalk.., Gen. 52). The Jewish law required that every member of Callirhoe (to the Sanhedrin should have sufficient knowledge east of the seventy languages to be able to do without an interpreter (Sanh. 17aDead Sea); comp. Meg. 73bSidon; Men. 65aTripoli (Phenicia); Cyprus.
==See also==
*[[The Geography of the Seventy Nations]]
*[[Attributes of the Seventy Nations]]
*[[The 70 Gates]] - An attempt to define all seventy religions based on Rabbi Benemozegh's approach
==References==
<references />
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