<td valign="top" width="50%">But circumcision, which was given to the Sons of Noah, for it is written, Thou shalt keep my covenantnot suffer a witch to live;<ref>Ex. XXII,1 17.</ref> and repeated at Sinaithis is followed by, And in the eighth day the flesh of his foreskin Whosoever lieth with a beast shall surely be circumcised,2 put to death:<ref>Ibid. 18.</ref> yet was meant for Israelthus, and not for all who are included in the Noachides? — That repetition was inserted to permit circumcision on second prohibition are included in the Sabbath, by interpretingfirst.<ref>Therefore, on since the day [whichever it is]Noachides were forbidden bestiality, and even on the Sabbaththey were also forbidden sorcery.3</ref> </td><td align="right" valign="top"><div dir="rtl" lang="HE"><big>(שמות כב) מכשפה לא תחיה וכתיב (שמות כב) כל שוכב עם בהמה מות יומת כל שישנו בכלל כל שוכב עם בהמה ישנו בכלל מכשפה לא תחיה:</big></div></td>
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<td valign="top" width="50%">But procreation, which was 'R. Eleazar said; They were also enjoined upon the Noachides, for it is written, And you be ye fruitful and multiply.4 and repeated at Sinai, as it is written, Go say to them, get you in to your tents again,5 was nevertheless commanded to Israel but not to against the heathens? — That repetition was to teach that whatever has been constitutionally forbidden by a majority vote requires another majority vote to abrogate itmixtures.6 If so, may ' Whence do we not say of each [of the Noachian laws] that it was repeated for a definite purposederive this?7 — He means thisSamuel replied: why should the prohibition be repeated?8Because Scripture saith, My statutes ye shall keep,</td><td align="right" valign="top"><div dir="rtl" lang="HE"><bigref>Lev. XIX, 19.</bigref> implying the statutes which I have already decreed:</divref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="50%">'Now the only law [thus commanded to the children of Israel and Since other precepts are not repeated at Sinai] was the prohibition of the sinew that shrank [nervus ischiadicus]introduced by this formula, and in accordance with R. Judah's view.' But these9 too were not repeated.10 — These two were repeated, though for a purpose, but this was not repeated at allwe interpret it thus.</tdref><td align="right" valign="top"><div dir="rtl" lang="HE"><big></big></div></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="50%">An alternative answer is this:11 Circumcision was from the very first commanded to Abraham only [and viz., Thou shalt not to the Noachides in general]let thy cattle gender with a diverse kind: Thou shalt keep my covenant, therefore, thou and not sow thy field with mingled seed after thee in their generations.<ref>Hence these were pre-Sinaitic,12 meaningi.e., thou and thy seed are given to keep it, but no others. If so, should it not be incumbent upon the children sons of Ishmael [Abraham's son]? — For in Isaac shall thy seed be calledNoah.13 </ref> Then should not This teaches: just as in the children case of Esau be bound to practise it? — In Isaac,14 but not all Isaac. R. Oshaia objected: If soanimal life, the children of Keturah should have been exempt!15 — Did not R. Jose b. Abinprohibition is against hybridization, or as others sayso in plant life, R. Jose b. Hanina, state: [And the uncircumcised man child whose flesh of his foreskin injunction is not circumcised, that soul shall be cut off from his peopleagainst grafting;] he hath broken my covenant16 — this extends <ref>For the precept [of circumcision] first is a law against crossing two actual animals to produce a hybrid. So the children of Keturah?17</td><td align="right" valign="top"><div dir="rtl" lang="HE"><big></big></div></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="50%">Rab Judah said in Rab's name: Adam was not permitted second must refer to eat flesh, for it is written, [Behold I have given you all the herbsgrafting of one tree upon another of a different kind, etc.] but not to you it shall be for food, and to all the beasts sowing of the earth,18 implyingdifferent seeds together, which are trees in posse but the beasts of the earth shall not be for youin esse.19 </ref> But with the advent of the sons of Noah, it was permitted, for it is said, [Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you;] even and just as the green herb have I given you all things.20 Now one might think that former holds good both within the prohibition of flesh cut from the living animal does not apply to them land [sc. the NoachidesPalestine]: therefore the Writ teachethand without, But flesh with the life thereof, which <ref>It is a general principle that any obligation imposed upon man and not dependent upon the blood thereof, shall ye not eat.21 One might think that this prohibition applies even to reptiles; therefore it soil is stated — butbinding outside Palestine too.22 </ref> How is this implied? — Rso the latter holds good both within and without Palestine. Huna said [But flesh with the life thereofif so, which is] does the blood thereof: this shews that the prohibition applies only to those creatures whose flesh is distinct from their blood [in its prohibition]; excluding reptilesverse, whose flesh is not distinct from their blood.23 Ye shall therefore keep my statutes</td><td align="right" valign="top"><div dir="rtl" lang="HE"><bigref>Ibid. XVIII, 26.</bigref> also imply the statutes which I imposed long ago?</divref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="50%">An objection is raised: And rule over the fish of the sea;24 surely that means that they should serve as food?25 — No. It That verse refers to toil.26 But can fish be made to work? — YesGod's statutes in general, even as Rahabah propounded: What and if one drove [a waggon] with a goat and a shibbuta?27 Come and hear: and over Samuel's interpretation is correct, it follows that all the foul statutes of the heaven.28 Surely this is in respect of food? — No. It refers to toil. But can fowl be made to work? — Yes, even as Rabbah, son of R. Huna propounded: According Torah were given to the ruling of RNoachides. Jose b. R. Judah, what if one threshed [corn] with geese or cocks?29</td><td align="right" valign="top"><div dir="rtl" lang="HE"><big></big></div></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="50%"ref>Come and hear: And over every living creature that moveth upon the earth!30 — That refers to There the serpent. For verse reads, Ye shall therefore keep my statutes which I [now] command you: but here it has been taught: — R. Simeon b. Manassia said: Woe for the loss of a great servant. For had not the serpent been cursedreads, every Israelite would have had two valuable serpentsMy statutes ye shall keep, sending one to implying the north and one to the south to bring him costly gems, precious stones and pearls.31 Moreover, one would have fastened a thong under its tail, with which it would bring forth earth for his garden and waste landstatutes decreed from of old shall ye keep.32 </tdref><td align="right" valign="top"><div dir="rtl" lang="HE"><big></big></div></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="50%">A [further] objection The answer is raised: Rbased on the fact that in Lev. Judah b. Tema said: Adam reclined XIX, 19 'statutes' comes first in the Garden of Edenverse, implying that they were already in existence, whilst the ministering angels roasted flesh and strained wine for him. Thereupon the serpent looked inXVIII, saw his glory26 'Ye shall keep' is first, and became envious of him?33 — The reference there is to flesh teaching that descended from heaven. But does flesh descend from heaven? — Yes; as in the story of R. Simeon bstatutes which follow were only then imposed. Halafta, who was walking on the road, when lions met him and roared at him. Thereupon he quoted: The young lions roar after their prey;34 and two lumps of flesh descended [from heaven]. They ate one and left the other. This he brought to the schoolhouse and propounded: Is this clean [fit for food] or not? — They [sc. the scholars] answered: Nothing unclean descends from heaven. R. Zera asked R. Abbahu: What if something in the shape of an ass were to descend? — He replied: Thou howling yorod:35 did they not answer him that no unclean thing descends from heaven?36</td><td align="right" valign="top"><div dir="rtl" lang="HE"><big></big></divref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="50%">'R. Simeon said, They were also forbidden to practice sorcery.' What is R. Simeon's reason? — Because it is written,</td><td align="right" valign="top"><div dir="rtl" lang="HE"><big> ר"א אומר אף על הכלאים: מנה"מ אמר שמואל דאמר קרא (ויקרא יט) את חקתי תשמרו חוקים שחקקתי לך כבר (ויקרא יט) בהמתך לא תרביע כלאים ושדך לא תזרע כלאים מה בהמתך בהרבעה אף שדך בהרכבה מה בהמתך בין בארץ בין בחוצה לארץ אף שדך בין בארץ בין בחוצה לארץ אלא מעתה (ויקרא יח) ושמרתם את חקתי ואת משפטי חקים שחקקתי לך כבר התם ושמרתם את חקותי דהשתא הכא את חקותי תשמרו חקים דמעיקרא תשמרו:</big></div></td>
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