<td valign="top" width="50%">But circumcision, which was given to the Sons of Noah, for it is written, Thou shalt keep my covenant,not suffer a witch to live;1 and repeated at Sinaithis is followed by, And in the eighth day the flesh of his foreskin Whosoever lieth with a beast shall surely be circumcised,put to death:2 yet was meant for Israelthus, and not for all who are included in the Noachides? — That repetition was inserted to permit circumcision on the Sabbath, by interpreting, on the day [whichever it is], and even on second prohibition are included in the Sabbathfirst.3</td>
<td valign="top" width="50%">But procreation, which was 'R. Eleazar said; They were also enjoined upon against the Noachidesforbidden mixtures.' Whence do we derive this? — Samuel replied: Because Scripture saith, for it is writtenMy statutes ye shall keep, And you be ye fruitful and multiply.4 and repeated at Sinai, as it is written, Go say to them, get you in to your tents again,implying the statutes which I have already decreed:5 was nevertheless commanded to Israel but not to the heathens? — That repetition was to teach that whatever has been constitutionally forbidden by a majority vote requires another majority vote to abrogate itviz.6 If so, may we Thou shalt not say of each [of the Noachian laws] that it was repeated for a definite purpose?7 — He means this: why should the prohibition be repeated?8</td><td align="right" valign="top"><div dir="rtl" lang="HE"><big></big></div></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="50%">'Now the only law [thus commanded to the children of Israel and not repeated at Sinai] was the prohibition of the sinew that shrank [nervus ischiadicus], and in accordance let thy cattle gender with R. Judah's view.' But these9 too were not repeated.10 — These two were repeated, though for a purpose, but this was not repeated at all.</td><td align="right" valign="top"><div dir="rtl" lang="HE"><big></big></div></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="50%">An alternative answer is this:11 Circumcision was from the very first commanded to Abraham only [and not to the Noachides in general]diverse kind: Thou shalt keep my covenant, therefore, thou and thy seed after thee in their generations,12 meaning, thou and thy seed are to keep it, but no others. If so, should it not be incumbent upon the children of Ishmael [Abraham's son]? — For in Isaac shall sow thy field with mingled seed be called.13 6 Then should not This teaches: just as in the children case of Esau be bound to practise it? — In Isaac,14 but not all Isaac. R. Oshaia objected: If soanimal life, the children of Keturah should have been exempt!15 — Did not R. Jose b. Abinprohibition is against hybridization, or as others sayso in plant life, R. Jose b. Hanina, state: [And the uncircumcised man child whose flesh of his foreskin injunction is not circumcised, that soul shall be cut off from his peopleagainst grafting;] he hath broken my covenant16 7 — this extends and just as the precept [of circumcision] to former holds good both within the children of Keturah?17</td><td align="right" valign="top"><div dir="rtl" lang="HE"><big></big></div></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="50%">Rab Judah said in Rab's name: Adam was not permitted to eat flesh, for it is written, land [Behold I have given you all the herbs, etcsc.Palestine] to you it shall be for food, and to all the beasts of the earthwithout,18 8 implying, but so the beasts of the earth shall not be for youlatter holds good both within and without Palestine.19 But with the advent of the sons of Noah, it was permitted, for it is saidif so, [Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you;] even as the green herb have I given you all things.20 Now one might think that the prohibition of flesh cut from the living animal does not apply to them [sc. the Noachides]: therefore the Writ teacheth, But flesh with the life thereof, which is the blood thereofverse, Ye shall ye not eat.21 One might think that this prohibition applies even to reptiles; therefore it is stated — but.22 keep my statutes9 How is this implied? — R. Huna said [But flesh with also imply the life thereof, statutes which is] the blood thereof: this shews that the prohibition applies only to those creatures whose flesh is distinct from their blood [in its prohibition]; excluding reptiles, whose flesh is not distinct from their blood.23 </td><td align="right" valign="top"><div dir="rtl" lang="HE"><big></big></div></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="50%">An objection is raised: And rule over the fish of the sea;24 surely that means that they should serve as foodI imposed long ago?25 10 — No. It refers to toil.26 But can fish be made to work? — Yes, even as Rahabah propounded: What if one drove [a waggon] with a goat and a shibbuta?27 Come and hear: and over the foul of There the heaven.28 Surely this is in respect of food? — No. It refers to toil. But can fowl be made to work? — Yesverse reads, even as Rabbah, son of R. Huna propounded: According to the ruling of R. Jose b. R. Judah, what if one threshed Ye shall therefore keep my statutes which I [cornnow] with geese or cocks?29</td><td align="right" valign="top"><div dir="rtl" lang="HE"><big></big></div></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="50%">Come and hearcommand you: And over every living creature that moveth upon the earth!30 — That refers to the serpent. For but here it has been taught: — R. Simeon b. Manassia said: Woe for the loss of a great servant. For had not the serpent been cursedreads, every Israelite would have had two valuable serpentsMy statutes ye shall keep, sending one to the north and one to the south to bring him costly gems, precious stones and pearls.31 Moreover, one would have fastened a thong under its tail, with which it would bring forth earth for his garden and waste land.32 </td><td align="right" valign="top"><div dir="rtl" lang="HE"><big></big></div></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="50%">A [further] objection is raised: R. Judah b. Tema said: Adam reclined in the Garden of Eden, whilst implying the ministering angels roasted flesh and strained wine for him. Thereupon the serpent looked in, saw his glory, and became envious of him?33 — The reference there is to flesh that descended from heaven. But does flesh descend statutes decreed from heaven? — Yes; as in the story of Rold shall ye keep. Simeon b. Halafta, who was walking on the road, when lions met him and roared at him. Thereupon he quoted: The young lions roar after their prey;34 and two lumps of flesh descended [from heaven]. They ate one and left the other. This he brought to the schoolhouse and propounded: Is this clean [fit for food] or not? — They [sc. the scholars] answered: Nothing unclean descends from heaven. R. Zera asked R. Abbahu: What if something in the shape of an ass were to descend? — He replied: Thou howling yorod:35 did they not answer him that no unclean thing descends from heaven?36</td><td align="right" valign="top"><div dir="rtl" lang="HE"><big></big></div></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="50%">'R. Simeon said, They were also forbidden to practice sorcery.' What is R. Simeon's reason? — Because it is written,11</td>
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