The medieval rabbinical text ''[[Toledoth Yeshu]]'' is a polemical account of the origins of Christianity which connects the "notzrim" (Nazarenes) to the "netzarimwatchmen" ("watchmen" Jeremiah 31:16) of Samaria. The ''Toledot Yeshu'' identifies the leader of the "notzrim" during the reign of [[Alexander Jannaeus]] as a rebellious student mentioned in the [[Baraitas]] (traditions outside the Mishnah) as "[[Yeshu|Yeshu ha-Notzri]]".{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} This is generally seen as a continuation of references to [[Jesus in the Talmud]]<ref>[[R. Travers Herford]], (1906), “Christianity in the Talmud and Midrash,” ''Princeton Theological Review'', 4:412-414.</ref> although the identification has been contested, as Yeshu ha-Notzri is depicted as living ''circa'' 100 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mama.indstate.edu/users/nizrael/jesusrefutation.html|title=Refuting Missionaries|author=Hayyim ben Yehoshua|accessdate=2008-04-12}}</ref> According to the ''Toledot Yeshu'' the Notzrim flourished during the reign of the [[Hasmonean]] queen [[Salome Alexandra|Alexandra Helene Salome]] among [[Hellenized]] supporters of [[Rome]] in [[Judea]].<ref>Goldstein, M. Jesus in the Jewish Tradition, Macmillan 1950 (pp. 148-154 Toledot Y.S.W.)</ref>
