'''Notzri''' plural The synthesis of a variety of Judaic sources demonstrates that '''Notzrim'''  (נוצרים), is were polygamous royalist Israelite Minim who trampled the Torah-for-Qehal while venerating the [[modern HebrewBaetylus]] standard term on Sundays. Their politics caused much strife in Israel for "Christian" and "Christians".<ref>"Christian adj. n. נוצרי " (''Notzri'') ''The Oxford English-Hebrew Dictionary'' (9780198601722) 1999 p.69; ''The New Bantam30 years after their ring-Megiddo Hebrew & English Dictionary'', Dr. Sivan Reuven, Dr. Edward A. Levenston, 2009 p.50; [[leader Ben Yehuda]]'s Hebrew Dictionary, 1940 reprint, p.450</ref> An alternative term, used to translate the [[Greek (language)|Greek]] ''Christianoi'' Stada was executed in 56CE for spreading Gnosticism among his Karaite supporters in many [[Bible translations into Hebrew|translations of the New Testament into Hebrew]], and distinguished from '''Meshiykhiyyim''' "Messianics" (משיחיים).<ref>United Bible Societies Hebrew New Testament, 1997 printing, based on the [[BFBS]] New Testament of [[Franz Delitzsch]]: Acts 11:26, Acts 26:28, 1 Peter 4:16Beit Shammai.</ref>

Although Notzrim came out of the Royalists who followed the Sions ([[Netzarim]]) of the House of David, in their purest form they still survive only as Mandaeans (Gnostics). The singular form is '''Notzri'''. In Aramaic they call themselves '''Nāṣorāyi'''. They divide into two sects, the original Antimomians (who are not vegetarians) and their Noahized "Nomians" (who are vegetarians) who are called Nasara in Arabic and who each have their own Imam. Noahized Gnostics are considered to be the closest in affection to genuine [[Messianic Noahides]] who are nevertheless warned against establishing any alliance with them.  According to the Teliya, in 86CE the Sanhedrin and Herod Agrippa II decided that it would be best if the Notzrim would fall under [[Apollyon]] so ordered [[Hakham Elijah]] ([[Rav Shimeon HaKalpus]]) to fulfil Devarim 32:21 by organising the [[Ishmaelim]] in such a way as to make the Notzrim jealous and thereby attract them away from Israel's Qehal to be subsumed into Noahide Judaism instead of allowing them to invoke HaShem's wrath by letting them continue to identify as Jews. The good intention of the Jews has been much maligned by the enemies of traditional Judaism.  As a result, despite its correct application, the word Notzrim soon came to be synonymous with Christians. Nevertheless, although Notzrim came out of the Royalists who followed the Sions ([[Netzarim]]) of the House of David, they originally had no connection to either Tertullus' description of Paul, nor to the later 4th Century [[Nazoraioi]].  =Sources=Although Devarim 32:21 is understood to be a prophecy concerning the rise and fall of the Notzrim, they are not mentioned at that time.==Rabbinical tradition8thC.BC=='''Notzrim''' are first named concerning the raid of Samaria during the reign of King Hoshea (759-714BC) in 2 Kings 17:9 being::בני ישראל דברים אשר לא כן על י**ה א**יהם:Sons of Israel who did things secretly which were not right against the L*RD G*d. The first Hebrew language mentions tower of these warlocks is also mentioned in 2 Kings 18. This is probably the earliest (albeit oblique) reference to the now very well known but so-called "Great Secret" of Gnosticism whereby Gnostics exchange Israel's liberator for the Serpent of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. ==7thC.BC==Notzrim frequently claim identification with the Scions (Netzarim) of the House of Jesse and the watchmen of Mount Ephraim in Samaria mentioned in Jeremiah 31:16 during the reign of King Josiah (648-609BC). ==1stC.BC==Not much is known about the Notzrim before the 1st century BCE when King Yanneus Alexander is also mentioned in connection with the spread of Notzrut under the doctrine of two students of Antigonus of Sokko called Sadduc and Boethus who founded the sect of the Sadducees and Boethusians to which Alexander forcibly converted the remnant of Edom. At that time, Judah ben Tabbai is hinted at as a student of Joshua ben Perachia who went to Egypt and brought back students who began to worship the Baetylus. ===Nazerini vs Nazareni=== [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned a people called the "'''Nazerini'''" in his ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Historia Naturalis]]'' (Book V,22).<ref>Plinii naturalis historia: Libri I-VII ed. Francesco Della Corte - 1984 "Nunc interiora dicantur. Coele habet Apameam Marsya amne divisam a Nazerinorum tetrarchia, Bambycen quae alio nomine ... In Cele si trova Apamea, divisa dalla tetrarchia dei Nazerini dal fiume Marsia, Bambice, che con altro nome..."</ref> He indicates<ref>Pliny the Elder, ''Natural Histories'' Book V, recopying reports drafted by Marcus Agrippa on the orders of Emperor Octavian Augustus Caesar.</ref> that they lived not far from Apamea, in Syria in a city called Bambyx, Hierapolis or Mabog.  Ray Pritz (''Nazarene Jewish Christianity: from the end of the New Testament'' 1988 p17) writes::''Pliny's Nazerini - While treating the name of the sect, we may deal here with a short notice by Pliny the Elder which has caused some confusion among scholars. .... Can Pliny's Nazerini be early Christians? The answer depends very much on the identification of his sources, and on this basis the answer must be an unequivocal No. It is generally acknowledged that Pliny drew heavily on official records and most likely on those drawn up for Augustus by Marcus Agrippa (d. 12 BC).[31] Jones has shown that this survey was accomplished between 30 and 20 BC [32] Any connection between the Nazerini and the Nazareni must, therefore, be ruled out, and we must not attempt to line this up with Epiphanius'Nazoraioi. [33]"  Epiphanius called them '''Nasaraeans'Notzrim'' in Panarion 1:18. ==Talmud==Notzrim are granted a few mentions in various Baraitas and in manuscripts of the [[Babylonian Talmud]], these mentions which are not found in the [[Jerusalem Talmud]].<ref>Yaakov Y. Teppler, Susan Weingarten ''Birkat haMinim: Jews and Christians in conflict in the ancient world'' 2007 p48 "Only in a few places is the term notzrim mentioned, and they too are on the pages of the Babylonian Talmud. The only clear mention is as follows: The rabbis said: the people of the watch used to pray for their brothers' offering to be ..."</ref>

Although Notzrim are not mentioned in older printed editions of the Talmud allegedly due to Christian censorship of Jewish presses.,<ref>Yaakov Y. Teppler,Susan Weingarten Birkat haMinim: Jews and Christians in conflict in the ancient world p48</ref> Notzrim they are clearly mentioned in Avodah Zarah 6a, Ta'anit 27b, and may be reconstructed implied in other texts such as Gittin 57a.<ref>Graham Stanton, Guy G. Stroumsa ''Tolerance and intolerance in early Judaism and Christianity'' 1998 p256 "According to Pritz, Notzrim as such are explicitly mentioned only in [[Avodah Zarah]] 6a, [[Ta'anit]] 27b, and [[Gittin]] 57a. 36 The text is from Herford, Christianity in Talmud and Midrash, 171-2. 37 Herford, followed by Pritz, thinks the term in these two passages probably refers to catholic Christians."</ref>* The renowned anti-semite [[Robert Travers Herford]] interpreted [[Avodah Zarah]] ("foreign worship") 6a.8: as against Notzrim when he said "The Notzri day, according to the words of R. Ishmael, is forbidden for ever"<ref>Christianity in Talmud and Midrash - Page 171 R. Travers Herford - 2007 "For R Tahlipha bar Abdimi said that Shemuel said: ' The Notzri day, according to the words of R. Ishmael, is forbidden for ever.' (59) b. Taan. 27b.— On the eve of Sabbath they did not fast, out of respect to the Sabbath " </ref>while in fact it says "נוצרים לדברי רבי ישמעאל לעולם אסור" which refers to trading on Sunday.

An additional possible reference in the Tosefta where the text may have originally read ''Notzrim'' ("Christians") rather than ''Mitzrim'' ("Egyptians")<ref>Yaakov Y. Teppler, Susan Weingarten Birkat haMinim: Jews and Christians in conflict in the ancient world 2007 p49 "The second is a little more problematic: "They said: He went to hear him from Kfar Sakhnia of the Egyptians [Mitzrim] to the west."'"* This should probably read Kfar Sakhnia of notzrim,' " as Kfar Sakhnia (or Sakhnin) is the arena for ..."</ref> is "They said: He went to hear him from Kfar Sakhnia<ref>Frankfurter judaistische Beiträge: 27 Gesellschaft zur Forderung Judaistischer Studien in Frankfurt am Main - 2000 "Kfar Sakhnia (or Sekhania) has been identified by some scholars with [[Sukhnin]] in Galilee."</ref> of the Egyptians [Mitzrim] to the west." where medical aid from a certain Jacob, or James, is avoided.<ref>Jeffrey L. Rubenstein Rabbinic stories 2002 p170 "The identity of Yeshu's disciple Yaakov [=Jacob] of Kefar Sarnma or Kefar Sakhnia (A, H) is unknown. The first Toseftan anecdote takes the extreme position that it is better to die than to solicit medical help from a Christian (AC)."</ref>

There are no [[Tannaitic]] references to "Notzrim" and few from the [[Amoraic]] period.<ref>Wilson: "Related strangers Jews and Christians, 70-170 C.E." 1981 p366 "There are no tannaitic references and few from the amoraic period. The one clear reference (b.Ta'an.27b) could refer to Christians in general, but might mean only "Jewish Christians". The fullest discussion is in Kimelman.</ref> References by [[Tannaim]] (70-200 CE) and [[Amoraim]] (230-500 CE) to "[[Minim]]" are much more common, leading some, such as [[R. Travers Herford]] (1903), to conclude that Minim in Talmud and Midrash generally refers to Jewish Christians.<ref>Herford ''Christianity in Talmud and Midrash'', 1903 p379 "The theory that the Minim are intended to designate Jewish Christians I regard as having been now conclusively proved. This may be otherwise expressed by saying that wherever the Talmud or the Midrash mentions Minim, the authors of the statement intend to refer to Jewish Christians"</ref>

The references to Notzrim in the Babylonian Talmud are related to the meaning and person of people called [[Yeshu Ha Notzri]] in the Talmud and [[Tosefta]].<ref>Yaakov Y. Teppler,Susan Weingarten Birkat haMinim: Jews and Christians in conflict in the ancient world p48</ref> This includes passages The references using the term ''notzri'' are restricted to the Babylon Talmud<ref>Graham Stanton, Guy G. Stroumsa ''Tolerance and intolerance in early Judaism and Christianity 1998 p256 "35 All these are from the Babylonian Talmud (Gemara): Sanhedrin 107b (twice), 103a, 43a (four times); Sola 47a;"</ref> <ref>Joshua Efrón ''Studies on the Hasmonean period'' p156</ref> and include passages such as Sanhedrin 107b which states "Yeshu haNotzri practiced magic and led Israel astray" though scholars . Scholars such as Bock (2002) consider the historicity of the event described is questionable.<ref>Darrell L. Bock Studying the historical Jesus: a guide to sources and methods 2002 p230 Sanhedrin 107b, makes a similar claim, though it alludes to an event whose authenticity is questionable: One day he [R. Joshua] ... And a Master [another major rabbi] has said, “Yeshu haNotzri practiced magic and led Israel astray . ...</ref><ref>Primary source: [publication details needed since this text has been edited] Sanhedrin 107b: What of R. Joshua b. Perahjah? — When King [[Jannaeus|Jannai]] (104-78 B.C.) slew our Rabbis, R. Joshua b. Perahjah (with his student Yeshu) fled to Alexandria of Egypt. On the resumption of peace, [[Simeon b. Shetach ]] sent to him: 'From me, the holy city, to thee, Alexandria of Egypt (my sister). My husband (the Rabbis) dwelleth within thee and I am desolate.' He arose, went, and found himself in a certain inn, where great honour was shewn him. 'How beautiful is this Acsania!' (can mean inn or female innkeeper) Thereupon (Yeshu) observed, 'Rabbi, her eyes are narrow.' 'Wretch,' he rebuked him, 'dost thou thus engage thyself.' He sounded four hundred trumpets and excommunicated him. He came before him many times pleading, 'Receive me!' But he would pay no heed to him. One day he was reciting the Shema', when Yeshu came before him. He intended to receive him and made a sign to him. He thinking that it was to repel him, went, put up a brick, and worshipped it. 'Repent,' said he to him. He replied, 'I have thus learned from thee: He who sins and causes others to sin is not afforded the means of repentance.' And a Master has said, 'Yeshu the Notzri practised magic and led Israel astray.' </ref> The Jerusalem Talmud does not use the tem Yeshu to refer to some of the same stories given in the Bavli but contains other references to Yeshu such as "Yeshu ben Pantera,."<ref>Yaakov Y. Teppler,Susan Weingarten ''Birkat haMinim: Jews and Christians in conflict in the ancient world'' p48</ref> while  ===Mandaeans==={{main|Mandaeans}}Bernard Duborg (1987) dates Pliny's source between 30 and 20 BCE and, accounting for the references using lapse of time required for the installation in Syria of a sect born in Israel/Judea, suggests the term presence of a Nasoraean current around 50 BCE. Dubourg connects Pliny's ''notzriNazerini'' are restricted to the Babylon Talmudwith early Christians.<ref>Graham StantonB. Dubourg, L'Invention de Jesus, Gallimard Paris 1987, II, Guy Gp. 157. Stroumsa </ref> This identifies them with the Jewish traditions about Rav Joshua ben Perachiya's student who turned to the worship of the Baetylus with the Elagabalites among whom he established the [[Mandaeans]] of Jordan according to the Kuzari.  [[John the Baptist]] made great efforts to correct Ha-Notzri'Tolerance s Elagabalite Baptists and intolerance became very popular with them but in the end his message was corrupted. They say that he was taught by Adam Kadmon (Qadmayya)'s Essence (the Son of the Man who is in early Judaism and Christianity 1998 p256 "35 All these are from Heaven) i.e. the Babylonian Talmud tripartite Uthra (GemaraArchangel): Sanhedrin 107b of the Notzrim consisting of Abel (twiceHibil), 103a, 43a Seth (Šitil) and Enosh (four timesAnuš); Sola 47a;"</ref> <ref>Joshua Efrón ''Studies on the Hasmonean period'' p156</ref>.

===''Birkat haMinim''The Mandaeans of Iraq use the term "[[Nasorean]]" in their history, the [[Haran Gawaitha]], to describe their origins in, and migration from Jerusalem: "Curse on And sixty thousand Nasoreans abandoned the Heretics"==={{main|Birkat haMinim|Minim}}Two fragments Sign of the Seven and entered the Median Hills, a place where we were free from domination by all other races."...<ref>Karen L. King ''[[Birkat haMinim]]What is Gnosticism?'' ("Curse 2005 Page 140</ref> Theories on the heretics") in copies origins of the Mandaeans have varied widely. During the 19th Century [[AmidahWilhelm Bousset]] found in the , [[Cairo GenizaRichard August Reitzenstein|Richard Reitzenstein]] include ''notzrim'' in the and [[maledictionRudolf Bultmann]] against argued that the Mandaeans were pre-Christian, as a parallel of Bultmann''minim.''<ref>''Birkat haMinim: Jews and Christians in conflict in s theory that Gnosticism predated the ancient world'' ed Yaakov YGospel of John. Teppler, Susan Weingarten</ref><ref>A. J. Edwin M. Wedderburn ''A history of the first Christians'' Yamauchi Gnostic ethics and Mandaean origins 2004, - Page 245 Cf8 "C. Maier, Zwischen den Testamenten, 288: he points out The Age of the Mandaean Sect Against the claims of Reitzenstein and Bultmann that the reference Mandaeans dated to the Notzrim is first found in medieval pre-Christian period"</ref> Hans Lietzmann (1930) countered with the argument that all extant texts; also van der Horstcould be explained by a 7th Century exposure to, 'Birkat ha-minim'; SG Wilsonand conversion to, Strangersan oriental form of Christianity, 176taking on such Christian rituals as a Sunday Sabbath. Scholars of Mandaeans considered them to be of pre-83. 8. JT SandersChristian origin, Schismatics ..however no evidence for this is found prior to the second century.</ref><ref>Herman CEtudes mithriaques 1978 p545 Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin "The conviction of the leading Mandaean scholars — E. S. Waetjen The Drower, Kurt Rudolph, Rudolph Macuch — that Mandaeanism had a pre-Christian origin rests largely upon the subjective evaluation of parallels between Mandaean texts and the Gospel of the Beloved Disciple 2005 p142John."</ref>They claim [[R. Travers Herford|Robert HerfordJohn the Baptist]] as a member (1903and onetime leader) concluded that ''minim'' in of their sect; the Talmud and [[MidrashRiver Jordan]] generally refers to is a central feature of their doctrine of [[Jewish Christiansbaptism]].<ref>Herford ''Christianity Drower, Introduction, p. xiv</ref> However, in the 1960s, Christian scholars of Mandaeism settled on an early Jerusalem, but not pre-Christian, origin.<ref>King "Many specialists in Talmud Mandaean studies still argue for an early Western origin for Mandaeanism, preeminent among them [[Rudolf Macuch]], Lady Drower, Kurt Rudolph, and Midrash''Lupieri, 1903 p379 "The theory that the Minim are intended but they generally reject a pre-Christian date and argue for great circumspection in using Mandaean texts to designate Jewish Christians I regard as having been now conclusively proved. This may be otherwise expressed by saying that wherever explain the Talmud or the Midrash mentions Minim, the authors genesis of New Testament literature.91 "</ref><ref>Edmondo Lupieri The Mandaeans: the statement intend to refer to Jewish Christians"last gnostics 2002</ref>

The medieval rabbinical text ''[[Toledoth Yeshu]]'' is a polemical account of the origins of Christianity which connects to the "notzrim" "watchmen" (Jeremiah 31:16) of Samaria. The ''Toledot Yeshu'' identifies the leader of the "notzrim" during the reign of [[Alexander Jannaeus]] as a rebellious student mentioned in the [[Baraitas]] (traditions outside the Mishnah) as "[[Yeshu|Yeshu ha-Notzri]]".{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Yeshu ha-Notzri is depicted as living ''circa'' 100 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mama.indstate.edu/users/nizrael/jesusrefutation.html|title=Refuting Missionaries|author=Hayyim ben Yehoshua|accessdate=2008-04-12}}</ref> According to the ''Toledot Yeshu'' the Notzrim flourished during the reign of the [[Hasmonean]] queen [[Salome Alexandra|Alexandra Helene Salome]] among [[Hellenized]] supporters of [[Rome]] in [[Judea]].<ref>Goldstein, M. Jesus in the Jewish Tradition, Macmillan 1950 (pp. 148-154 Toledot Y.S.W.)</ref>

===Medieval usage''Birkat haMinim'', "Curse on the Heretics"===The term "Notzrim" continued to be used {{main|Birkat haMinim|Minim}}Two fragments of "Christians" in the medieval period. ''[[Hasdai CrescasBirkat haMinim]], one of the most influential Jewish philosophers in the last years of Muslim rule in Spain,<ref>The ''Columbia History of Western Philosophy'' p204 ed. Richard H. Popkin, Stephen F. Brown, David Carr - 2005 ("In Curse on the last century heretics") in copies of Jewish life in Spain, the three most influential Jewish philosophers were without doubt Rabbi [[Hasdai CrescasAmidah]] (ca. 1340-1410/1411), Rabbi found in the [[Joseph AlboCairo Geniza]] (d. after 1433), and Rabbi include ''notzrim'' in the [[Isaac Abrabanelmalediction]] (1437-1508)against ''minim."''</ref> wrote a refutation of Christian principles ''Birkat haMinim: Jews and Christians in conflict in Catalan which survives as the ancient world''Sefer Bittul ed Yaakov Y. Teppler, Susan Weingarten</ref><ref>A. J. M. Wedderburn 'Iqqarei ha-Notzrim'A history of the first Christians' ('2004, Page 245 Cf. Maier, Zwischen den Testamenten, 288: he points out that the reference to the Notzrim is first found in medieval texts; also van der Horst, 'Refutation of Christian PrinciplesBirkat ha-minim''); SG Wilson, Strangers, 176-83. 8. JT Sanders, Schismatics ...</ref><ref>History of Jewish Philosophy p551 edHerman C. Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman - 2004 "translation Waetjen The Gospel of Joseph ibn Shem Tov who entitled it Sefer Bittul 'Iqqarei ha-Notzrim (Refutation of Christian Principles)."the Beloved Disciple 2005 p142</ref>

===Modern Hebrew usage===In The renowned antisemite [[Modern HebrewR. Travers Herford|Robert T. Herford]], the word "Notzrim" (נוצרים1903) is the standard modern word for [[Christians]], but ''Meshiykhiyyim'to concluded that ' ('minim''משיחיים'') is used by many Christians of themselves, as in the BFBS New Testament of Talmud and [[Franz DelitzschMidrash]]; 1 Peter 4:16 "Yet if any suffer as ha-Meshiykhiyyim ('''משיחיים'''), let them not be ashamed, but let them glorify God in that name."<ref>BFBS generally refers to [[http://wwwJewish Christians]].iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/ipb-e/nthebrew/1peter.pdf Delitszch translation 1 Peter pdf]</ref><ref>example: The Christian Church, Jaffa Tel-Aviv website article in Hebrew יהודים משיחיים - יהודים או נוצרים? </ref> In the Hebrew New Testament [[Tertullus]]' use of "Nazarenes" (Acts 24:5) is translated Herford '''"Notzrim"'Christianity in Talmud and Midrash'', and "Jesus of Nazareth" is translated "Yeshu ha Notzri1903 p379 "The theory that the Minim are intended to designate Jewish Christians I regard as having been now conclusively proved.<ref>United Bible Societies Hebrew New Testament, 1997 printingThis may be otherwise expressed by saying that wherever the Talmud or the Midrash mentions Minim, based on the [[BFBS]] New Testament authors of [[Franz Delitzsch]]: Acts 24:5the statement intend to refer to Jewish Christians"</ref>

==Possible relation to other groups=====Pliny and the ''Nazerini'' (1st century BCE)=Alawaites==[[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned a people called the "''Nazerini''" in his ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Historia Naturalis]]'' (Book V,22).<ref>Plinii naturalis historia: Libri I-VII ed. Francesco Della Corte - 1984 "Nunc interiora dicantur. Coele habet Apameam Marsya amne divisam a Nazerinorum tetrarchia, Bambycen quae alio nomine ... In Cele si trova Apamea, divisa dalla tetrarchia dei Nazerini dal fiume Marsia, Bambice, che con altro nome..."</ref> Bernard Duborg (1987) connects Pliny's ''Nazerini'' with early Christians, and Dubourg dates Pliny's source between 30 and 20 BCE and, accounting for the lapse of time required for the installation in Syria of a sect born in Israel/Judea, suggests the presence of a Nasoraean current around 50 BCE.<ref>B. Dubourg, L'Invention de Jesus, Gallimard Paris 1987, II, p. 157.</ref> Pliny the Elder indicates<ref>Pliny the Elder, ''Natural Histories'' Book V, recopying reports drafted by Marcus Agrippa on the orders of Emperor Octavian Augustus Caesar.</ref> that the Nazerini lived not far from Apamea, in Syria in a city called Bambyx, Hierapolis or Mabog. However it is generally thought that this people has no connection to either Tertullus' description of Paul, nor to the later 4th Century [[Nazarenes]]<ref>Ray Pritz ''Nazarene Jewish Christianity: from the end of the New Testament'' 1988 p17 ''Pliny's Nazerini - While treating the name of the sect, we may deal here with a short notice by Pliny the Elder which has caused some confusion among scholars. .... Can Pliny's Nazerini be early Christians? The answer depends very much on the identification of his sources, and on this basis the answer must be an unequivocal No. It is generally acknowledged that Pliny drew heavily on official records and most likely on those drawn up for Augustus by Marcus Agrippa (d. 12 BC).[31] Jones has shown that this survey was accomplished between 30 and 20 BC [32] Any connection between the Nazerini and the Nazareni must, therefore, be ruled out, and we must not attempt to line this up with Epiphanius' Nazoraioi. [33]" </ref> Bizarrely{{citation needed|date=June 2011}}, Pritz, following Dussaud, connects Pliny's 1st century BCE Gnostic Nazerini, to the 9th century CE Gnostic [[Nusairi]]s.{{citation needed|date=June 2011}}

==Medieval usage=Mandaeans==={{main|Mandaeans}}The term "Notzrim" continued to be used of "Christians" in the medieval period. [[MandaeansHasdai Crescas]] , one of Iraq use the term most influential Jewish philosophers in the last years of Muslim rule in Spain,<ref>The ''Columbia History of Western Philosophy'' p204 ed. Richard H. Popkin, Stephen F. Brown, David Carr - 2005 "In the last century of Jewish life in Spain, the three most influential Jewish philosophers were without doubt Rabbi [[NasoreanHasdai Crescas]]" in their history(ca. 1340-1410/1411), the Rabbi [[Haran GawaithaJoseph Albo]], to describe their origins in(d. after 1433), and migration from Jerusalem: "And sixty thousand Nasoreans abandoned the Sign of the Seven and entered the Median Hills, a place where we were free from domination by all other racesRabbi [[Isaac Abrabanel]] (1437-1508)."...</ref>Karen L. King wrote a refutation of Christian principles in Catalan which survives as ''Sefer Bittul 'Iqqarei ha-Notzrim'' (''Refutation of Christian Principles'What is Gnosticism?').<ref>History of Jewish Philosophy p551 ed. Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman - 2004 "translation of Joseph ibn Shem Tov who entitled it Sefer Bittul ' 2005 Page 140Iqqarei ha-Notzrim (Refutation of Christian Principles)."</ref>

Theories on ==Modern Hebrew usage==Thanks to the infestation of Christianity with the origins followers of a Notzri called Yeshu HaNotzri, the Mandaeans words Notzri & Notzrim have varied widely. During become the 19th Century [[Wilhelm Boussetmodern Hebrew]]standard term for "Christian" and "Christians".<ref>"Christian adj. n. נוצרי " (''Notzri'') ''The Oxford English-Hebrew Dictionary'' (9780198601722) 1999 p.69; ''The New Bantam-Megiddo Hebrew & English Dictionary'', Dr. Sivan Reuven, Dr. Edward A. Levenston, 2009 p.50; [[Richard August Reitzenstein|Richard ReitzensteinBen Yehuda]] and [[Rudolf Bultmann]] argued that the Mandaeans were pre-Christian, as a parallel of Bultmann's theory that Gnosticism predated the Gospel of JohnHebrew Dictionary, 1940 reprint, p.450</ref>Edwin M. Yamauchi Gnostic ethics and Mandaean origins 2004 - Page 8 "C. The Age Hence, Notzrim is an alternative term, used to translate the [[Greek (language)|Greek]] ''Christianoi'' in many [[Bible translations into Hebrew|translations of the Mandaean Sect Against the claims of Reitzenstein New Testament into Hebrew]], and Bultmann that the Mandaeans dated to the pre-Christian perioddistinguished from '''Meshiykhiyyim''' "Messianics"(משיחיים).</ref> Hans Lietzmann (1930) countered with the argument that all extant texts could be explained by a 7th Century exposure toUnited Bible Societies Hebrew New Testament, and conversion to1997 printing, an oriental form based on the [[BFBS]] New Testament of Christianity[[Franz Delitzsch]]: Acts 11:26, Acts 26:28, taking on such Christian rituals as a Sunday Sabbath1 Peter 4:16.</ref>

Scholars of Mandaeans considered them to be of pre-Christian originIn [[Modern Hebrew]], however no evidence for this is found prior to the second century.<ref>Etudes mithriaques 1978 p545 Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin word "The conviction of the leading Mandaean scholars — E. S. Drower, Kurt Rudolph, Rudolph Macuch — that Mandaeanism had a pre-Christian origin rests largely upon the subjective evaluation of parallels between Mandaean texts and the Gospel of John.Notzrim"</ref> They claim [[John the Baptist]] as a member (and onetime leaderנוצרים) of their sect; is the standard modern word for [[River JordanChristians]] , but ''Meshiykhiyyim'' ('''משיחיים'') is a central feature used by many Christians of their doctrine themselves, as in the BFBS New Testament of [[baptismFranz Delitzsch]]; 1 Peter 4:16 "Yet if any suffer as ha-Meshiykhiyyim ('''משיחיים'''), let them not be ashamed, but let them glorify God in that name."<ref>Drower, Introduction, pBFBS [http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/ipb-e/nthebrew/1peter. xivpdf Delitszch translation 1 Peter pdf]</ref> However<ref>example: The Christian Church, Jaffa Tel-Aviv website article in the 1960s the position of scholars of Mandaeism settled on an early Jerusalem, but not preHebrew יהודים משיחיים -Christian, origin.יהודים או נוצרים? </ref>King "Many specialists in Mandaean studies still argue for an early Western origin for Mandaeanism, preeminent among them In the Hebrew New Testament [[Rudolf MacuchTertullus]], Lady Drower, Kurt Rudolph' use of "Nazarenes" (Acts 24:5) is translated '''"Notzrim"''', and Lupieri, but they generally reject a pre-Christian date and argue for great circumspection in using Mandaean texts to explain the genesis "Jesus of New Testament literatureNazareth" is translated "Yeshu ha Notzri".91 "</ref><ref>Edmondo Lupieri The MandaeansUnited Bible Societies Hebrew New Testament, 1997 printing, based on the [[BFBS]] New Testament of [[Franz Delitzsch]]: Acts 24: the last gnostics 20025</ref>

* [[Ebionites]]* [[Jewish Christians]]* [[KabbalistsDositheus]]