Nimrod

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The giant Nimrod known as Amraphel was lord of the giants called Gibborim and father to Abraham's servant, Damméśeq ʾĔlîʿézer. His predecessor and father in law was Cush. His title (Nimrod) has become proverbial as that of a mighty hunter (צַ֖יִד גִּבּ֥וֹר). Nimrod is said to have forced Ashur out of the middle east when he invaded Shinar (Syria-Palestine) and established his dominion. Nimrod's Giant invaders (Philistim) are said to have come from Kisleh who was a son of Mitzraim. Nimrod's dominion comprised not only Babel (Nun.Ki), but also Erech (Ukuk), Accad (possibly Mari), and Calneh of Eretz Shinar (thought to be Nippur) all along the Euphrates river boarder of Eastern Cana'an which became known as the land of Mar.Tu, the name Nimrod being derived from En.Mar.Tu meaning Lord of Mar.Tu which later became Amar.Utu the name of his kingdom, the land of Nimrod (Gen. x. 8-10; I Chron. i. 10; Micah v. 5 [A. V. 6]). Beyond Mar.Tu, east of the Great Euphrates, eventually became the Assyrian Empire. In Rabbinical tradition Nimrod is accredited with the construction of the tower of babel where the so-called "Semitic" (such as Akkadian) branch of the Afroasiatic languages (which include Coptic-Egyptian and the Cushitic languages) were used. Abraham warned Nimrod (Amraphel) that his sovereignty was in jeopardy, but he refused to believe the prophet. Abraham left for the West and Amar-Sin's "Tax-Collector" Kedorloamer of Elam succeeded to Ur III in the East. For 12 years, all lords of the Philistim-Gibborim were subject to Kedorloamer but in the 13th year 5 of them rebelled. Only Nimrod (Amarphel) and Antioch of ElSar were not in a position to do so and in the 14th year they found themselves conscripted by Kedorloamer along with Tidal of Goyim into a war of retribution against his rebellious relatives. After capturing Lot, his army was routed by Abraham just north of Damascus and he surrendered to Abraham.

In Rabbinical Literature

Nimrod is the prototype of a rebellious people, his name being interpreted as "he who made all the people rebellious against God" (Pes. 94b; comp. Targ. of pseudo-Jonathan and Targ. Yer. to Gen. x. 9). He is identified with Canaan & Cush's son in law Amraphel, the name of the latter sometimes being interpreted as "he whose words are dark" (; Gen. R. xlii. 5; for other explanations see below). As he was the first hunter he was consequently the first who introduced the eating of meat by man. He was also the first to make war on other peoples (Midr. Agadah to Gen. x. 9). His giant invaders later produced the Rephaite Philistines such as the Anakim and their likes.

His Feats as a Hunter

Nimrod was not wicked in his youth. On the contrary, when a young man he used to sacrifice to Yhwh the animals which he caught while hunting ("Sefer ha-Yashar," section "Noaḥ," pp. 9a et seq., Leghorn, 1870). His great success in hunting (comp. Gen. x. 9) was due to the fact that he wore the coats of skin which God made for Adam and Eve (Gen. iii. 21). These coats were handed down from father to son, and thus came into the possession of Noah, who took them with him into the ark, whence they were stolen by Ham. The latter gave them to his son Cush, who in turn gave them to Nimrod, and when the animals saw the latter clad in them, they crouched before him so that he had no difficulty in catching them. The people, however, thought that these feats were due to his extraordinary strength, so that they made him their king (Pirḳe R. El. xxiv.; "Sefer ha-Yashar," l.c.; comp. Gen. R. lxv. 12).

Made King

According to another account, when Nimrod was eighteen years old, war broke out between his Hamite kinsmen, the Pathrusites, and the Japhethite Dodanim. The latter were at first victorious placing Ashur in charge of Cana'an, but Nimrod, at the head of a small army of invaders from Casluh, attacked and defeated them and forced Ashur east of the Euphrates out of Canaan. After this he was made king over all the people on earth, appointing Terah his minister. It was then, elated by so much glory, that Nimrod changed his behavior toward Yhwh and became the most flagrant idolater.

Nimrod is generally considered to have been the one who suggested building the Tower of Babel and who directed its construction. God said: "I made Nimrod great; but he built a tower in order that he might rebel against Me" (Ḥul. 89b). The tower is called by the Rabbis "the house of Nimrod," and is considered as a house of idolatry but which the owners abandoned in time of peace; consequently Jews may make use of it ('Ab. Zarah 53b).

When informed of Abraham's birth Nimrod requested Terah to sell him the new-born child in order that he might kill it (see Jew. Encyc. i. 86a, s.v. Abraham in Rabbinical Literature). Terah hid Abraham (giving Abraham up for adoption to Azar father of Sarah in Haran) and in his stead brought to Nimrod the child of a slave, which Nimrod dashed to pieces ("Sefer ha-Yashar," l.c.). Terah visited Harran frequently and died there.

When the adult Abraham began to preach against idolatry warning of Nimrod's fall, Nimrod had him thrown into a heated furnace; and it was on this account, according to one opinion, that Nimrod was called "Amraphel" ( = "he said, throw in"; Targ. pseudo-Jonathan to Gen. xiv. 1; Gen. R. xlii. 5; Cant. R. viii. 8). When Nimrod was informed that Abraham had come forth from the furnace uninjured, however, he remitted his persecution of the worshiper of Yhwh.

However, the survival of Abraham did not cause Nimrod to change his conduct; he remained an idolater.

Nimrod's Dream

The night following the release of Abraham he saw in a dream a man coming out of the furnace and advancing toward him with a drawn sword. Nimrod thereupon ran away, but the man threw an egg at him; this was afterward transformed into a large river in which all his troops were drowned, only he himself and three of his followers escaping. Then the river again became an egg, and from the latter came forth a small fowl, which flew at Nimrod and pecked out his eye. The dream was interpreted as forecasting Nimrod's defeat by Abraham, wherefore Nimrod sent secretly to kill Abraham; but Nimrod's tower fell and Abraham emigrated with his family to the land of Canaan.

Abraham had warned Nimrod not only of the coming destruction but also subjugation to Elam. However, Nimrod had ignored him. According to the "Sefer ha-Yashar" (l.c.), he at this time acquired the name "Amraphel" in allusion to the fall of his princes during the dispersion.

The destruction of the tower did not change Nimrod's heart and, at the head of a small army, he set out with the intention of punishing his rebellious generals. Ten years later Nimrod came to wage war with Chedorlaomer, King of Elam, who had been one of Nimrod's generals, and who after G-d's dispersion (at the hand of the Dodanim) of the builders of the tower went to Elam and formed there an independent kingdom. Nevertheless, Cherdorlaomer routed and subjugated him. Nimrod remained in Shinar where, as a vassal to Cherdorlaomer of Elam, he reestablished part of his kingdom. It was Chedorlaomer, who involved him in the war with the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah, and with whom he was defeated by Abraham near Damascus ("Sefer ha-Yashar," l.c.; comp. Gen. xiv. 1-17) where his son Eliezer joined Abraham.

Nimrod was slain by Esau, between whom and himself jealousy existed owing to the fact that they were both hunters (Targ. pseudo-Jonathan to Gen. xxv. 27; "Sefer ha-Yashar," section "Toledot," p. 40b; Pirḳe R. El. l.c.; comp. Gen. R. lxv. 12).W. B. M. Sel.

The Targum of pseudo-Jonathan (to Gen. x. 11), however, presents Nimrod the cause of Ashur leaving Babel before the building of the tower, to establish Assyria, where he built four other cities, namely, Nineveh, Rehobot, Calah, and Resen (comp. Naḥmanides ad loc.). This exegesis may relate to the two Nimrods of Arabic tradition.

Bibliography

  • Cheyne and Black, Encyc. Bibl.;
  • Joseph Grivel, in Transactions Soc. Bibl. Arch. iii. 136 et seq.;
  • Sayce, ib. ii. 243 et seq.;
  • Jeremias, Izdubar Nimrod, Introduction, Leipsic, 1891;
  • Pinches, The Old Testament, pp. 127-131;
  • Rubin, Birusi ha-Kasdi, pp. 71-72, Vienna, 1882.E. C. M. Sel.

In Arabic Literature

By the Arabs Nimrod is considered as the supreme example of the tyrant ("al-jabbar"). There is some confusion among Arabian historians as to Nimrod's genealogy. According to one authority he was the son of Mash the son of Aram, and consequently a Semite; he built the Tower of Babel and also a bridge over the Euphrates, and reigned five hundred years over the Nabatæans, his kinsmen. But the general opinion is that he was a Hamite, son of Canaan the son of Cush, or son of Cush the son of Canaan (Ṭabari gives both); that he was born at the time of Reu, and was the first to establish fire-worship. Another legend is to the effect that there were two Nimrods: the first was the son of Cush; the second was the well-known tyrant and contemporary of Abraham; he was the son of Canaan and therefore a great-grandson of the first Nimrod. According to Mas'udi ("Muruj al-Dhahab," ii. 96), Nimrod was the first Babylonian king, and during a reign of sixty years he dug many canals in 'Iraḳ.

Nimrod and Abraham

The author of the "Ta'rikh Muntaḥab" (quoted by D'Herbelot in his "Bibliothèque Orientale") identifies Nimrod with Daḥḥak (the Persian Zoḥak), the first Persian king after the Flood. But Al-Kharizmi ("Mafatiḥ al-'Ulum," quoted by D'Herbelot) identifies him with Kai Kaos (Teispes), the second king of the second Persian dynasty, the Achaemenids. Achaemenes himself was Perses son of Perseus son of the Dan-Phoenician Danaë.

Nimrod reigned where Bagdad is now situated, and at first he reigned with justice (see Nimrod in Rabbinical Literature); but Satan perverted him, and then he began to persecute all the worshipers of God. His chief vizier was Azar (Terah), the father of Abraham; and the midrashic legends of Abraham's birth in which Nimrod is mentioned, as well as those concerning Nimrod's persecution of Abraham—whom he cast into a furnace—are narrated also by the Mohammedans (see Abraham in Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature and in Mohammedan Legend).

Nimrod is referred to in the Koran (xxi. 68-69). When Nimrod saw Abraham come unharmed from the furnace, he said to him: "Thou hast a powerful God; I wish to offer Him hospitality." Abraham told him that his God needed nobody's hospitality. Nevertheless Nimrod ordered thousands of horned and small cattle brought, and fowl and fish, and sacrificed them all to God; but God did not accept them. Humiliated, Nimrod shut himself in his palace and allowed no one to approach him. According to another tradition, Nimrod challenged Abraham, when the latter came out of the furnace, to fight with him. Nimrod gathered a considerable army and on the appointed day was surprised to find Abraham alone. Asked where his army was, Abraham pointed to a swarm of gnats, which routed Nimrod's troops (see, however, below). Nimrod assembled his ministers and informed them of his intention to ascend into the heavens and strike down Abraham's God. His ministers having told him that it would be difficult to accomplish such a journey, the heavens being very high, Nimrod conceived the idea of building a high tower, by means of which he might accomplish his purpose (comp. Sanh. 109a). After many years had been spent in the construction of the tower, Nimrod ascended to its top, but he was greatly surprised to find that the heavens were still as remote from him as when he was on the ground. He was still more mortified on the following day, when the tower collapsed with such a noise that the people fainted with terror, those that recovered losing their speech (an allusion to the confusion of tongues).

Undaunted by this failure, Nimrod planned another way to reach the heavens. He had a large chest made with an opening in the top and another in the bottom. At the four corners of the chest stakes were fixed, with a piece of flesh on each point. Then four large vultures, or, according to another source, four eagles, previously fed upon flesh, were attached to the stakes below the meat. Accompanied by one of his most faithful viziers, Nimrod entered the chest, and the four great birds soared up in the air carrying the chest with them (comp. Alexander's ascent into the air; Yer. 'Ab. Zarah iii. 42c; Num. R. xiii. 13). The vizier opened alternately the upper and lower doors of the chest in order that by looking in both directions he might know whether or not he was approaching heaven. When they were so high up that they could see nothing in either direction Nimrod took his bow and shot arrows into the sky. Gabriel thereupon sent the arrows back stained with blood, so that Nimrod was convinced that he had avenged himself upon Abraham's God. After wandering in the air for a certain length of time Nimrod descended, and the chest crashed upon the ground with such violencethat the mountains trembled and the angels thought an order from God had descended upon the earth. This event is alluded to in the Koran (xiv. 47): "The machinations and the contrivances of the impious cause the mountains to tremble." Nimrod himself was not hurt by the fall.

After these adventures Nimrod continued to reign wickedly. Four hundred years later an angel in the form of a man appeared to him and exhorted him to repent, but Nimrod declared that he himself was sole ruler and challenged God to fight with him. Nimrod asked for a delay of three days, during which he gathered a considerable army; but this was exterminated by swarms of gnats. One of these insects is said to have entered Nimrod's nose, reached the chambers of his brain, and gnawed at it. To allay the pain Nimrod ordered some one to strike with a hammer upon an anvil, in order that the noise might cause the gnat to cease gnawing (comp. the same story in connection with Titus in Giṭ. 56b). Nimrod died after forty years' suffering.

Bibliography

  • D'Herbelot, Bibliothèque Orientale;
  • Hughes, Dictionary of Islam;
  • Mas'udi, Muruj al-Dhahab, ed. Barbier de Meynard, i. 78, 81-83; ii. 96; iii. 240;
  • Mirkhond, Raudat al-Safa, English transl. by Rehatsek, part i. vol. i., pp. 126-128, 134-144;
  • Ṭabari, Chroniques, French transl. by Zotenberg, i. 120, 136 et seq., 148-150, Paris, 1867.

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