[[Image:Islam.gif|right]][[Image:Aziz efendi-muhammad alayhi s-salam.jpg|thumb|~~right~~left|200px|"Muhammad" in a new genre of [[Islamic calligraphy]] started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman.<ref name="Ali7">Ali, Wijdan. "[http://www2.let.uu.nl/Solis/anpt/ejos/pdf4/07Ali.pdf From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art]". In ''Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Turkish Art'', eds. M. Kiel, N. Landman, and H. Theunissen. No. 7, 1–24. Utrecht, The Netherlands, August 23-28, 1999, p. 7</ref>]]

[[Image:Muhammad at Kaba c.png|thumb|200px|right|A 16th-century Ottoman illustration depicting Muhammad at the [[Kaaba]]. Muhammad's face is veiled, a practice followed in the [[Islamic art]] since the 16th century.<ref name="Ali7">Ali (1999), p. 7</ref>]]

~~{{Muhammad}}~~

'''Muhammad''' (~~{{lang-ar|~~'''محمد'''}} ''~~{{ArabDIN|~~Muḥammad}}''; also ''Mohammed'', ''Muhammed'', ''Mohamet'', and other variants)~~<ref>{{Audio|Ar-muhammad.ogg|click here}} for the [[Arabic phonology|Arabic pronunciation]].</ref>~~<ref>Welch, noting the frequency of Muhammad being called as "Al-Amin"(Arabic: الامين ), a common [[Arabic name|Arab name]], suggests the possibility of "Al-Amin" being Muhammad's [[given name]] as it is a masculine form from the same root as his mother's name, A'mina. cf. "Muhammad", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''; The sources frequently say that he, in his youth, was called with the nickname "Al-Amin" meaning "Honest, Truthful" cf. Ernst (2004), p.85.</ref> is regarded by [[Muslim]]s as the last messenger and [[prophet]] of God (Arabic: ألله ''[[Allah]]'').<ref>''The Cambridge History of Islam'' (1977) writes that "It is appropriate to use the word 'God' rather than the transliteration 'Allah'. For one thing it cannot be denied that Islam is an offshoot of the Judaeo-Christians tradition, and for another the [[Arab Christians|Christian Arabs]] of today have no other word for 'God' than 'Allah'." cf p.32.</ref> and considered to be the historical founder of the religion of [[Islam]].

Sources on Muhammad’s life concur that he was born ''ca.'' [[570]] [[anno domini|AD]] in the city of [[Mecca]] in [[Arabia]],<ref name="EncWorldHistory">''Encyclopedia of World History'' (1998), p.452</ref> was orphaned at a young age, was brought up by his uncle, worked mostly as a merchant, and was married by age 26. At some point, discontented with life in Mecca, he would retreat to a cave in the surrounding mountains for meditation and reflection. According to Islamic tradition, it was here at age 40, in the month of [[Ramadan]], where he received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "[[Oneness of God|God is One]]", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. ''islām'')<ref>The word "''islām''" derives from the [[Triliteral|triconsonantal]] [[Arabic]] root [[S-L-M|sīn-lām-mīm]], which carries the basic meaning of safety and peace. The [[masdar|verbal noun]] "''islām''" is formed from the verb ''aslama'', a derivation of this root which means to accept, surrender, or submit; thus, 'Islam' effectively means submission to and acceptance of [[God]]. ''See:'' [[Islam#Etymology and meaning]]</ref> is man's religion (''[[Deen (Arabic term)|dīn]]''),<ref>'Islam' is always referred to in the Qur'an as a 'dīn', a word that means 'way' or 'path' in Arabic, but is usually translated in English as 'religion' for the sake of convenience</ref> and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as [[Adam]], [[Noah]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Prophets of Islam|other prophets]].<ref name="EspositoI">Esposito (1998), p.12; (1999) p.25; (2002) pp.4-5</ref><ref name="EoI-Muhammad">"Muhammad", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref><ref name="Peters">Peters (2003), p.9</ref>

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