Abbasids

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Islam emerged from the rivalry and occasional treaties in an Association (Quraysh) between the Judaizing-Ghassanids of the West and once Jew-friendly Gnostic/Monophysite-leaning Lakhmid-Taji-Mawali component in the East who together defeated the Sassanians in Mesopotamia. Both were regarded as Ishmaelites. On one side of the line, there is displacement theology but on the other side is the Taji acceptance of Jewish tradition and inheritance. At first the Jew-friendly Taji-Mawali component was dominant but they were soon overcome by the Judaizers who became Umayyads. By the time the power pendulum swung back to the Mawali corner they had already accepted Umayyad displacement theology and abandoned Taji attitude towards Jewish tradition. While the dominant group of Mawali and those from the Sassanids and Umayyad "Qara" who capitulated to them united to become the Abbasids, a much smaller remnant of Mawali continued underground with the Jew-friendly Taji mainly settling in the Balkans and Central Asia. At the same time a remnant of the Umayyad Judaizers survived in Spain. This page attempts to comprise a chronology of relevant events which took place during this power struggle resulting in the establishment of the Islamic religion.

Contents

Background

The Monophysite-leaning Pahlavi Mawali religion was Gnostic Baptist (Old Paulician) but the Arabs practiced Ishmaelite-Judaic Hagarism (Tondraki). The standard narrative makes the Arabs Lords over the Mawali. However, in this thesis it is proposed that the Mawali were originally Ali's competing and mainly non-Arab proto-Muslim group whose Monophysite religious materials were eventually redacted and interpreted by Judaizers under the rise of Arabic hegemony to form parts of the Quran. Ali and Salman the Persian were significant leaders of the Mawali while Umar's Ma'amed best represents the Arabs. The word Mawla means Lords (singular Mullah) but the sunni narrative interprets it as Mawlāʾī meaning Lord's. It may derive from the Hebrew term Melewi referring to non Israelites who were grafted into the priestly families. The word Mawlāʾī later became Mevlevi in Turkish. It is suggested that Ali's Mawali may have been the original Lords (Mullahs) over the Arabs but their story was changed to fit with the new hegemony.

Gnostic Baptists (Hanifian Tsabis)

Hanifism is a word used to describe the Messianic religion of certain Gnostic Baptists (Sabians) of the Fertile Crescent Baptists. They are sometimes referred to as Abrahamists or Hanafite Christians. Maslama bin Habib and his Banu Hanifa played major roles in the movement. These were the so-called "Old Paulicians" from whom originates the ancient original Johannite tradition of Hormuz (Ormus). Falling under the Persian cultural sphere of influence centred on Isfahan, their word for Jesus is Ieso and their word for John is Yahia. These two names are the best evidence that Islam did not have simple Arabic origins.

Notable Gnostic Baptists

Waraqah ibn Nawfal: became an Adoptionist.

Uthman ibn al-Huwayrith: became an Adoptionist.

Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh: became an Adoptionist.

Zayd ibn Amr: rejected both Judaization and Adoptionism.

Maslama bin Habib: leader of the Banu Hanifa, offered to support the Salaf but was rejected.

Abu Qays ibn al-Aslaṭ: opposed the Salaf.

Abū 'Amar 'Abd Amr ibn Sayfī: a leader of the tribe of Banu Aws at Medina (Wadi Rafidain) and builder of the "Mosque of the Schism" and later allied with the Quraysh then moved to Ta'if and onto Syria after subsequent early Muslim conquests.

Rogation of the Ninevites

"God told Jonah: Had your Lord so wished, all people everywhere would have been believers. But that is not His way, hence do not force anyone to take to Our path unless they do so willingly. No one can believe except by the will of God; only those who are skeptics do not understand His message."

http://assyrianpost.blogspot.com/2007/01/baoutad-ninevaye-or-rogation-of.html?m=1

Compare with

http://jews-for-allah.org/Why-Believe-in-Allah/Jews-inthe-Quran/jonah.htm

It looks like "Jews for Allah" accidentally used the Nestorian Lection instead of the Islamic one because in Pickthal's translation it reads:

"And if thy Lord willed, all who are in the earth would have believed together. Wouldst thou (Muhammad) compel men until they are believers. It is not for any soul to believe save by the permission of Allah. He hath set uncleanness upon those who have no sense."

[10:99-100]

If you have ever read a verse in the Quran but have never been able to find it since, it is possible that the Muslim who showed it to you might have accidentally used a Nestorian Lectionary instead.

Apostatian?

Although they simply called themselves "believers", the Gnostic Baptists are best distinguished by their peculiar use of the slur "Hanifian" (Apostatian) to refer to Abraham intending to give hope to Lakhmidians from Apostate (especially Manichean) backgrounds thereby sanitising the insult which was regularly applied to them as Acephali by the Christian Hierarchies which they rejected.

Inscriptions and Poetry

The Gnostic Baptists left plenty of rock inscriptions in Arabi Mubeen but most of their doctrine comes from a certain 7th century Persian Charismatic called Gabriel (or Ariel) who according to Aisha was on all but 2 occasions seen in the form of a disciple called Nabi Dihyah Wahi ibn Khalifah al-Kalbi. The Khalifa in question being the Jewish Exilarch Gabirol (son of Haninai) in Pumbedita expelled for adopting belief in Ieso as the Messiah. Gabirol was killed by the last Parsig Emperor Khosrow II.

The Hebrew Term MaHmad

The Biblical Mahmad (מחמד) is Israel's "Treasure" mentioned in:

Hosea 9:6, God's Temple (Mahmad) will be overtaken by nettles
Lamentations 1:10, God's Temple (Mahmad) will be trampled by the Gentiles
Isaiah 64:11, God's Temple (Mahmad) is laid waste
Joel 3:5, God's Temple (Mahmad) will be misappropriated by Gentiles
and especially Ezekiel 24:16-25 God will take away Israel's Mahmad (God's Temple).

Christian references to Jesus's appearance as the Temple of God occur in:

John 2:19,
Matt 27:40,
Mark 14:58,
Matt 26:61
and Rev 21:22

In plural form the Hebrew word Mahmad becomes Mahamadim. This plural form refers to a minimum of three rather than just one nor only a plural of two. Mahamadim is Israel's Bridegroom in Song of Solomon 5:16.

Christian references to Jesus's appearance as the Bridegroom occur in Matt 9:15 and Mark 2:19-20.

The Arabic Quran explicitly links AlMasih ibn Marym and Muhammad together when it says: مَّا الْمَسِيحُ ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ إِلاَّ رَسُولٌ قَدْ خَلَتْ مِن قَبْلِهِ الرُّسُلُ "No one is the Messiah ibn Marym but Ministry before whom all other ministries have certainly passed." (5:75) and clarifies this elsewhere by saying: مَا مُحَمَّدٌ إِلاَّ رَسُولٌ قَدْ خَلَتْ مِن قَبْلِهِ الرُّسُلُ "No one is God's Temple but Ministry before whom all other ministries have certainly passed. So what if that Ministry died or was killed? Are you going to turn back on your heels? Even so, he who turns back on his heels will never harm the divine Father at all; but the divine Father will reward the grateful."(3:144)

These Baptists believed the Father's name had become flesh as the Messiah Jesus Mary's Son Rasul of the Father's physical Appearance (Divine Temple) which these Baptists called Mahmad (not to be confused with the Arabian Nabi) and so were also referred to as tribes of Mahmad. The term was written Muhmd by Anonymous, Mhmt by Thomas the Presbyter, Mahmet by Sebeos, but just Memed by John of Damascus.

For the Hagarenes this term really only referred to the Temple rather than the appearance of Jesus.

The Quraysh (Association)

Mahmad's Baptists distinguished themselves slightly from those with whom they had a covenant as an Association (Quraysh) who they called Musulman despite regarding them as most prone to hypocrisy and disbelief.

Gnostic Baptists were also called Ansari and associated with the Lakhmidian or Ibadis of Iraq like Khadijah and Waraqah.

It is important to note that neither Bahira, nor Sarjis Ben Saidah, nor Maslamah bin Habib ever dared refer to themselves as Mahmad being a Biblical Hebrew term for God's Temple. Gnostic Baptists believed only the Messiah's Shubiha to mankind can be considered to be "Mahmad" and rejected everyone else who claimed to be a Mahmad after the Messiah's Shubiha to mankind.

Hagarenes

In their Association (Quraysh) the Umayyads can be identified as Judaizers known as Ha-Garim (Hagarenes) under the Spiritual guidance of Kaʽb al-Aḥbār. They opposed ascribing any kind of uncommon divinity to Allah's Rasul. The Baptists called them Judases and regarded them as potential traitors.

Their beliefs are very similar to the Tondrakians.

Babylonian Aramaic Ma'amad or Mahamad

Ma'amad (מַעֲמָד meaning support/status/class/position) a type of Jewish leadership described in the Talmud.

http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10222-ma-amad

https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ma-amad-or-mahamad

The descriptions provided by John of Nikiu, Sebeos and especially the exact spelling used by John of Damascus are consistent with this meaning.

The policy of the ma'amad tended to be conservative and authoritarian in the extreme. On completion of its term of office the ma'amad itself appointed its successors (Khalifat).

Kaʽb al-Aḥbār certainly represents at least one of the probably 7 heads of the Mahamad. The current London Mahamad has 5 heads.

Targum Musalamai

Concerning the term "Muslim" which means "submitter", it should be noted that in the Torah, everywhere the word "Kenite" is used, it is translated to Aramaic by Onkelos as Salamai or Muslamai or Musalamai. Some suggest this refers to the great numbers of non-Jewish believers who came to sacrifice the Qurban Shlamim in Jerusalem together with the Jews indicating an origin as Judaizers from Herodian Times.

Mishna

This could explain how some of the Mishna entered into the Quranic materials such as for example reference to the seven Mesani meaning the Sheva Mitzvot of Noah: Surat Al-Hijr 15.87 "And We have bestowed upon thee the Sheva Mitzvot and the Grand Qur'an." Surat Az-Zumar 39.23 "Allah has revealed the most beautiful Message in the form of a Book, consistent with the Sheva Mitzvot."

This is what the Mishna refers to as the religion of Noah which is confirmed in Surat Ash-Shura 42.13, "He has laid down the same religion for you as He enjoined on Noah: that which We have revealed to you and which We enjoined on Abraham, Moses and Jesus: 'Establish the religion and do not make divisions in it.' What you call the associators to follow is very hard for them. Allah chooses for Himself anyone He wills and guides to Himself those who turn to Him."

Noahism

It should be emphasised that the religion of the Muslims was therefore Noahism not Hanifism. But the Believers and the Noahites were united for a while in their struggle to carve out an empire and then later they merged to form a new religious community.

Hanifism and Hagarism merge as Islam

Prelude

The Baptists considered the closest to themselves in their Association (Quraysh) to be the Nestorians (who say Allah's Rasul is a partnership between the divine and its creation) but did not take them as allies. The Baptists referred to any Church which established a communion with Dyophysites as Nestorian. Hagarenes in contrast have always appeared closer to Jews.

590 Caucasian Albania (Azerbaijan)

The Church of Caucasian Albania gains Autocephaly from Armenia.

591 Haninai

Haninai ruled from 580 to 590-591 when he was put to death by Khosrau II for supporting the Pahlavi Bahram VI according to Karaite sources. Jews were used as soldiers by Khosrau and were led by a Mahamad but would have no public Exilarch again until Bostenai was installed by Umar.

602 Al-Hira

Ignorant Iyas ibn Qabisah al-Ta'i is appointed governor of Al-Hira under Nakhiragan.

604 Evictions in Nusaybis

The Association (Quraysh) welcomed the Persian Church's Chivalric Families who were evicted from Mt Izla Monastery in Nusaybis by Babai "the Great" in 604AD for opposing Babai's introduction of celibate monasticism there. Salman the Persian was probably one of them.

604 "George"

The Nestorian Catholicos Mar Sabrisho I died and a new Catholicos had to be elected. The choice fell between two men named Gregory: Bishop Gregory of Nisibis and Professor Gregory of Seleucia. King Khosrau II, the Sassanid emperor, stated only that his preferred candidate was Gregory, possibly meaning the bishop. The king's influential wife Shirin, however, disliked Gregory of Nisibis and preferred Gregory of Seleucia, who had once been her steward. The Synod (council) rejected the king's initial candidate, taking advantage of the ambiguity of name, and chose Gregory of Seleucia, who became Mar Gregorius I. The king was accordingly displeased, and reluctantly supported the elected candidate (after applying a hefty fine to him), and said, Patriarch he is and patriarch he shall be – but never again do I allow another election.

Phocas Evicts Jews

In 604 Byzantine Emperor Phocas forces Romaniotes to convert or be evicted. Many flee to Persia and Dacia.

Those who are converted into Jewish Christians join the Saracens.

Third Council of Dvin

The Third Council of Dvin was a Caucasian Church council held in 607 (or 609-610) in the city of Dvin (then in Sasanian Armenia). It appoints Abraham I as Catholicoi of the See of Etchmiadzin but opens the door to Sabellian-Modalism, Tritheism and especially Eutychian-Adoptionism (Miaphysitism). Many become Acephalian Gnostic Baptists at this point instead.

608 Nestorian Catholicosate Abolished

When the Catholicos Gregorius died a few years later in 608, the bishops made the usual request to the king to allow them to elect a new Catholicos, but Khosrau had not forgotten the events of the previous election and refused them leave to do so. The royal physician Gabriel of Shiggar, a staunch Miaphysite, suggested to make Henana of Adiabene or one of his students Catholicos, and also used his influence with the king to prevent an election.

The Acephali Monophysite Pahlavi are keen to court the suddenly Acephali Dyophysites to increase the Acephali faction and take revenge on Khosrow for massacring their closest relatives. They begin to evangelize with the idea that the divine being has an authoritative operator and a subordinate operator in the third operator -a wonderful union of the other two as God's peimary Rasul to all the worlds) all of which were born as Mary's child.

This satisfies many Nestorians whose opposition to Monophysites was based on the assumption that they rejected 2 operators. Most Monophysites are also satisfied. Nevertheless a significant minority on both sides are not convinced.

609 Romans defeated

609 Khosrow II of Persia with Sadducee armies defeats Phocas's Romans and has Anastasius II (the younger) of Antioch murdered to prevent his Nestorian having any dyophysites leaders in his empire.

612 Synod of Khosrow

Khosrow II held an Eastern Church Colloquy in 612.

The Last King of Lakhmidia

Mahmad's Baptists did not come into focus until an influential person, possibly (according to Mel of Sneaker's Corner) Iyas ibn Qabisa of Tayyaye (Tashih/Tachk/Tajik) being Khosrow II's Nestorian Client in AlHira over the Lakhmidians, joined their movement as a Mursal being a Nabi of the Rasul (Hitveadut). This leader was married to a Nestorian called Khadijah by her cousin a Nestorian Priest called Waraqah. As leader in Al-Hira over the Lakhmidians he could have been called Melkhamed. In the following century many Arabs had already begun to promote him as their Messiah and changed his title from Melkhamed to Mohamed. But to do so they had to diminish the importance of the Christian Messiah and in doing so a new religion was born.

613 Eclipse

After the Romans were defeated, and a solar eclipse, a Sabian Hymnodist called Gabriel (or Ariel) arrives in Hira and begins to teach his Hymns in Arabi-Mubeen predicting Roman victory within 10 years.

In Chinese sources Gabriel is the Lion-Man (Ariel?)

If the splitting of the moon does not refer to an Eclipse it could refer instead so some kind of occultation hence the adoption of the Sasanian Star and Crescent. But the timing and the location of that occultation has yet to be identified.

616 Copts & Syriacs

Coptic Pope Anastasius of Alexandria establishes communion with the Sabellian Patriarch Athenasius Gamolo of the (formerly Tritheist) Syriac Orthodox Church.

Later it seems Zoroastrians and Polytheists were also welcomed into the same Association (Quraysh).

First Hijra 617

Long before all that would happen, the Taji ruler of Lakhmidia was ousted from Al-Hira by Azadbeh's Parsigs in 617AD against whom he thus began to plot his revenge.

It is suggested that the Noble Association (Quraysh) in the Belly of Makah (the Wadi Tharthar state in the desert between Chaldea and Carra or Cara and the land of Urfa beyond the Khabur river) had hindered the Pilgrims from their Protected place of Worship.

He petitioned the King of Abyssinia for some land which he was granted around Yathrib in the Hejaz.

He began secret infiltration along the Roman and Persian boarders with Monophysite Ansar from Yemen and joining the Heraclian revolutionaries. Hence the use of the word darāhima (12:20:4 ድራክማ in Amharic Դրախմա in Armenian) in the Quranic materials. The names Ieso and Yahia are Persian but the word darāhima is of Byzantine origin indicating that the "Arabi-Mubeen" of the composition was being used by/for people of Persian origin but who nevertheless did not use Dinars. The names Ieso and Yahia were obviously an important shibboleth which could not be dropped. Perhaps using the names Yesua and Yuhanna would have had western Syriac connotations that the authors wanted to avoid. They were certainly not Romans as they pointed out that the Romans had been defeated but since the currency was anyway the Drahma instead of the Dinar they understood that Sassanian control in their area was weak and expected that within 10 years the Romans in turn would be victorious. For some reason the authors needed to rely upon a Persian Bible hegemony while possibly operating in a 'down but not out' Byzantine economic sphere. The fact that the Sassanians and Persians are not mentioned in the final Quran is also worth deep consideration.

The Banu Hanifa sought asylum in the Severian Tewahedo Kingdom of Negash in Abyssinia which eventually settled them in the Tihamah of Hejaz (Mecca and Yathrib).

Since the Acephalian Banu Hanifa were Acephalic Severians, the difference between them and Abyssinia's Cephalic Severians (regarded by the Hanifs as "Nestorians" after the Coptic Pope entered communion with the Eutychian-Miaphysite Patriarch Gamolo in 616AD) is described as no more than a stick (a Bishop's Staff) because the Banu Hanifa had originally followed the same Coptic Popes that Abyssinia did but following their adoption of Hanifism now lacked Episcopy

618 Egypt

Khosrau II of Persia invades Egypt.

618 Bostanai

Earliest possible year for the birth of Bostanai.

Independent Hatra

George Arsas brought forward the eruption of the Saracens in rebellion because of the treachery of John the Almsgiver in 618/619.

Against Church advise, Heraclius orders the Gates of Caucasian Albania be opened to bring about the end of Persia.

The Monophysite Ansar from Yemen established in Hatra were soon able to assert their independence.

622 Heraclius Liberates Cappadocia

In 622 Heraclius probably in concert with Aksum launched a campaign against Khosrau. It is no coincidence that this is also the year in which that the Arabs consider their independence began. In the 660s, Sebeos tells us that when Heraclius captured Edessa in the 620s the Jews fleeing from Edessa claimed asylum in the new Medina (Wadi Rafidain) but initially failed to win any allies to their cause until Judaizing the Ishmaelites into HaGarim on the ideas of a learned Mahmet scholar who arrived in the New Medina later that year. Thus this became the year the Believers (Jews, Nestorians and Sabians) settled their case. The first year of the Arabs.

Monoenergism vs Paulician Acephali

A Sabi (Baptist) did present the faith to Heraclius as the Hadiths claim. But there was no leader by the name of Muhammad mentioned the Byzantine version of the story. https://sunnah.com/bukhari/1/7 Lakhmidian King sends Acephalian Messenger, Paul (Nabi Dihyah Wahi ibn Khalifah al-Kalbi), to discuss Christology with victorious Dyophysite Heraclius in Jerusalem who writes to Sergius about it. In fact, the belief presented was Monophysitsm and the presenter was called Paulic (its adherents came to be called Paulician by the Byzantines ever since).

"When the Emperor Heraclius in the course of the war which he began about 619, came to Theodosiopolis (Erzeroum) in Armenia (about 622), a Monophysite named Paul, a leader of the Acephali, made a speech before him in favour of his heresy. The emperor refuted him with theological arguments, and incidentally made use of the expression "one operation" of Christ."

Like Phocas and Khosrow before him, he too issues his decree from on high that all the Christians of his empire should unite in religion.

At first it seems no one really knew what Heraclius meant. Nevertheless, the case of the believers was settled.The standard Muslim narrative says that Heraclius himself was actually convinced at first but eventually changed his mind due to pressure from his Nobles.

Gabriel's (or Ariel's) visit

Some time after that the monophysite-polyenergist Gabriel is said to have visited the new Medina (Sinjar mountains in Wadi Rafidain) to test his bilingual students. The accusation that the Quranic materials were being taught by just a man came to which the response was that his language was foreign (Ajami) while the materials were in clear devotional language.

Source https://sunnah.com/muslim/1/1

Apparently the possibility that Gabriel also spoke that language was ruled out perhaps simply because Gabriel claimed no ability in the Lisan Arabi Mubeen.

This it seems the Nabis (which still included Maslama bin Habib at this point) presented themselves as interpreters of ecclesiastical poems for Sabi Apostles which Gabriel taught allegedly being not his own compositions but from Christ's Angel through the Spiritual gift of Glossolalia alone by the power of the Father's name.

Dhū-Qār 624

Ibn Abu Qabsah is said to have finally got his revenge against Azadbeh on the Day of Dhū-Qār in the Makah vicinity just north of Hira a few months after Badr in 624.

But until his death the Lakhmidian King was still just one of many Nabis of the Sabi-Hanifism who had learned Gabriel's Ecclesiastical poetry.

The conflicting reports that Iyas or his son were on the Persian side is not consistent with him having been ousted. It is in short, a deliberate hazing of the facts invented to hide his true identity and the fact that he was indeed actually working for Kavod II at this time.

626-628 Oppressing Dyoenergism

In the end, Heraclius came up with Dyophysite-Monoenergism. In simple language that means the human nature of Jesus was nothing but God's glove puppet and looked a lot like Eutychianism which also reduced the human nature of Jesus to no meaning. Thus the Byzantine authorities prohibited citizens from thinking in terms of Jesus having a mind of his own from 626 to 681.

Heraclius imposed his glove pipped Jesus (Dyophysite-Monoenergism) in reconqueried Armenia and other Eastern Provinces.

Many Monophysites (especially modalists) accepted his terminology. But the Pahlavi Baptists were more upset.

Later in 626 he inquired of Cyrus, Bishop of Phasis and metropolitan of the Lazi, whether his terminology was correct. "Cyrus was uncertain, and by the emperor's order wrote to Sergius the Patriarch of Constantinople, whom Heraclius greatly trusted, for advice. Sergius in reply sent him a letter said to have been written by Mennas of Constantinople to Pope Vigilius and approved by the latter, in which several authorities were cited for one operation and one will. This letter was afterwards declared to be a forgery and was admitted to be such at the Sixth General Council."

628 Bostanai

Last possible year for the birth of Bostanai.

According to Jewish sources, in his last year, Khosrow II also hunted down and exterminated the Exilarch Gabirol and the remaining sons of David at this time leaving only the young pregnant mother of Bostanai alive. Bostanai may have been identical with Hanina ben Adoi.

Siroe/Kavad II (Conquest of Makah)

Khosrow II was overthrown in 628 and was replaced by the rather Monophysite Byzantine Emperor Maurice's grandson Kavad II in Old Medina who appointed Heraclius regent over his son when he died.

Again, it is no simple coincidence that the conquest of Makah coincides with the Byzantine conquest of Khosrow. Even the location of Makah according to the Continuatio Byzantia Arabica is in the desert between Chaldea (South of the Southern Euphrates) and Carra (i.e. Adiabene's Carron region of the modern day Erbil Governorate) the city of Mesopotamia, indicating an area which was under Khosrow II's control until the Byzantines defeated him.

Al-Hira is located between Chaldea and Carra.

During the conquest the Hanifian Baptists who had been ousted from the desert area, between Kaldea and the Mesopotamian City Carra in the preceding decade, returned to take control without a fight.

7AH Heraclius & Nabi Dihyah Wahi ibn Khalifah al-Kalbi

The standard narrative places Heraclius & Serjius's secret belief in 7AH that Elijah had returned at about this point.

The Critical Years of 628-630

Understanding the chronology of what happened next is essential.

It seems first that the Ghassanid Monophysite Church entered a brief union with Heraclius.

According to Islamic tradition, Heraclius ordered the Ghassanid prince to submit to the Muslims. The Umayyads were Ghassanids descended from Siraces who served the Pahlavis (Parthians) and who were instrumental in the establishment of the short-lived Palmyrian Empire. They were converted to the Taji religion but soon adopted displacement theology.

But then the Nestorians were allowed to establish their own Catholicos again greatly upsetting the Monophysites. Many would have joined the Acephali in protest against the Ghassanid Patriarch at this time.

Heraclius proclaimed himself "Basileus" in 629 the first Greek since the Seleucids to be Persia's King of Kings greatly upsetting the Pahlavis by forcing the Armenian Catholicos Ezras into communion.

The Nestorian Catholicos Ishoʿyahb II of Gala entered communion with Byzantium in 630.

The Monophysite Church immediately broke communion with Heraclius and established a Maphrian of all the East to oppose the Nestorian Catholicos. This may have been to appease their congregations who were no doubt furious about being united to the Nestorians.

At the same time the Pahlavis had different ideas and rejected Heraclius's regency over Kavodh's young son Ardashir whom they established on the throne instead triggering the chain of events which soon led to Arab supremacy in the region. There was nothing supernatural about it.

The Pasigs vs Pahlavi Civil War

Heraclius's responded by instigating a civil war between the Parsigs and Pahlavis while this is the time associated with the Conquest of Makah in the standard narrative, no doubt having been armed by the Pahlavis to use as infantry against the Parsigs.

Heraclius sent the Zoroastrian Shahrbaraz to kill the Monophysite Christian Child-Prince Ardashir and crucify his Christian supporters.

At the same time Aksum sent a navy to re-claim the Hejaz.

Shahrbaraz established himself on the throne in 630 but was quickly replaced by the Monophysite Christian Borandokht who was in turn dethroned by Parsing Shapur followed by her own half-sister the Zoroastrian Azarmidokht. Azarmidokht was opposed by the Pahlavi Farrukh whom she executed then Farrukh's son Rostam who executed her and restored Borandokht to the throne in 631. But the Parsigs did not give up and had her strangled in 632.

632 ʿAlī's Term

During Abu Turab's reign, his "Believers" had cordial relations with the Oriental Orthodox and the Papacy but fought against Byzantine suppression of Dyoenergism. His Believers sometimes marched into battle under the banner of the Cross and the Cross appeared on his Coins. However, his importance was gradually diminished by the rise of the Judaizers in the west.

The Mawali

An alleged truce between the Pasigs and Pahlavis was reached and Yazdegard was established on the throne in 632 as a compromise between the two parties. However, the alleged treaty/compromise is not believable. This thesis proposes that Yazdegard was simply the Parsigs candidate but the Pahlavi candidate was Ali. After decades on the run, his daughter Shahrbonu was wed to Ali's son Hussein whose Father following the old King's demise ruled from Al-Hira until his assassination in 661. But the marriage pact was dishonoured by her brothers who sought support in China.

The word Mawali is usually understood to mean Mawla'i meaning Lord's. But in true interpretation means Lords.

Ali and al-Hanafiyyah

The curious story of the Banu Hanifa Princess Khawlah bint Ja'far.

Abu Turab's Tome

According to our Thesis, Ali represented Hanifism as Islam had not yet been invented. According to our theory it was Abu Bakr, and Umar then Uthman who laid the ground work for the establishment of the Book of the Arabs and the Religion of the Arabs created under Abdul Malik.

The "Tome" is the original Syro-Aramaic Johannite Tome of the Paulicians that Ali offered to his military commanders but which they rejected in favour of the partly goat-eaten Hafsa Mushaf. Ali's is also the same version which was defended by Abdullah ibn Masood and his supporters whom Uthman had killed after breaking Ibn Masood's ribs.

The "Tome" in question explains how Pope Martin could have been charged with granting the Saracens their "Tome" as it would not have been vastly different from the Dyoenergists at this point who were all working together against the anti-Dyoenergism of the 7th century Byzantine Emperors.

Leo III refers to how Abu Turab and Salmani Fars and Umar all contributed material to the Book of the Arabs.

632 Rivalry: Arabs vs Pahlavi Mawali

Although Ali and the Pahlavis had made their deal with the Pasigs, the Pahlavi Mawali faced political opposition from the more Judaized Nestorians Arabs of Abu Bakr, Aisha, Umar, Hafsa and the Umayyads.

Abu Bakr was probably a Judaized Nestorian Ishmaelite under the guidance of Kaʽb al-Aḥbār. He took much delight in announcing in 632 "Those who follow Muhammad, know that he is dead. As for those who follow The Father, know that he is alive forever!"

Source http://sunnah.com/bukhari/23/5

Kaʽb al-Aḥbār and his followers set about the difficult task to replace the idea that Jesus was God's temple if there was to be any hope of rebuilding a Shrine for the Jews on the Temple Mount.

While the Imam in Al-Hira was the dead king's son in law Ali, the defacto political leader, Abu Bakr, began to make changes to Hanifism. Shia sources indicate that Abu Bakr was nothing more than Umar's stooge and that Umar himself was heavily influenced by Kaʽb al-Aḥbār.

Abu Bakr set about consolidating his power and killed the Gnostic Baptist Nabis who stood in his way. Abu Bakr, sought to reverse the influence of the Gnostic Baptists by executing Maslama bin Habib and subjugating the Banu Hanifa. But Ali is said to have sympathised with them taking their princess as his bride.

Abu Bakr's MusHaf

The standard narrative says that Zaid ibn Thabit was first ordered to set about collecting Quranic materials during the reign of Abu Bakr when heavily pregnant Fatima refused to hand her MusHaf over to Umar even when he kicked the door down on her. There is no reason to believe that Abu Bakr thought that Gabriel the Persian was nothing more than a poet.

633 The Battle of Hira

When Khaled took Amgheshiya in 633, Azadbeh's army stood outside Hira before losing everything later that year.

Zionism

In the 660s, Sebeos mentions a Mahmet Torah Scholar inciting Judaized Ishmaelies to take the Holy land and how they organised their approach. It is very possible that Sebeos was confusing Mahmet with Kaʽb al-Aḥbār.

Nestorians petition Abu Bakr

The Chronicle of Seert, probably written in the ninth century, records two approaches to the Muslims from the Nestorian Church. The first by Ishoʿyahb's emissaries to Abu Bakr (632–4).

At times the first Arab conquests were led – in a noteworthy paradox – under a flag bearing a cross (Alichoran, 1996: 86)

634 Umar

The Nestorians made a second approach this time by Ishoʿyahb himself to the caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab (634–44). ʿUmar is said to have granted the Church of the East a charter of protection.

Some of the Saracen leaders mentioned during Umar's name are referred to by similar names such as Amr. The standard narrative is that they represent different people but it might not necessarily be the historical case. However, a major obstacle to equating the two is that the standard narrative places Umar under the influence of Kaʽb al-Aḥbār's form of Judaism while Amr was most impressed by the Coptic Pope Benjamin.

Calendar

According to the standard narrative, Ramadan had always coincided with the Fast of Adam and Eid ulAzhar had always coincided with Passover preparations until 632. But neglecting intercalations for the 12 Lunar Months the calendar had slipped forward two whole months against the Solar year by the time Umar came to power in 634. Umar opted to stay with 12 lunar months instead of returning to the system of intercalation used until 632.

Rav. Ben Abrahamson has indicated that this may have been as a result of Kaʽb al-Aḥbār's influence who represented a sect of Jews who had opposed Hillel II's Hebrew calendar.

Censorship

In 634 Heraclius forbade further discussion of energism.

634 Tayyaye d'Mhmt

In 640, Thomas the Presbyter reported that the "Tayyaye d-Mhmt" were fighting with Romans 12 miles east of Gaza in 634.

Sophronius

In his 634 Christmas Sermon, the hardcore Dyophysite Sophronius mentions that the "Godless" Saracens had taken Bethlehem and that is what you get when you don't respect Baptism.

634 Carthage Doctrina Yacobi

Byzantine propaganda attempts to break down relations between Jews and the Judaized Ishmaelite Nestorians.

"What can you tell me about the prophet who has appeared with the Saracens?" He replied, groaning deeply: "He is false, for the prophets do not come armed with a sword."

It concludes that Jews should side with Byzantine Christianity instead.

635 Ctesiphon

Ctesiphon surrenders to Umar.

636 Peroz

Peroz III son of Yazdegard is born.

636 Fragment

"Muhmd and many people were slain"

637 Jerusalem

Sophronius the Dyophysite hands Jerusalem over to Umar.

The Temple Mount Masjid

Umar asked Kaʽb al-Aḥbār "Where do you advise me to build a place of worship?" Ka‘b indicated the Temple Rock, now a gigantic heap of ruins from the temple of Jupiter.[5] The Jews, Ka‘b explained, had briefly won back their old capital a quarter of a century before (when Persians overran Syria), but they had not had time to clear the site of the Temple, for the Byzantines (Rūm) had recaptured the city. It was then that Umar ordered the rubbish on the Temple Rock to be removed by the Nabataeans, and after three showers of heavy rain had cleansed the Rock, he instituted prayers there. Umar is said to have fenced it.

Rav. Ben Abraham son has said that Jews began to keep lamps burning outside of the wooden structure at that time.

638

The timid Pope Honorius dies. Sergius of Constantinople dies. Sophronius dies. Dyophysite Heraclius outlaws discussion of Dyoenergism. The Muslims are alleged to have attempted to seat the Monothelite Bishop Sergius of Jaffa as the Patriarch of Jerusalem. Umar establishes the Dyoenergist Monophysite Armenian Patriarch Abraham I as Patriarch of Jerusalem.

639 Egypt

The standard narrative says that Amr ibn al-As joined the companions of the Arabian Nabi in 629. However, historical sources say that Amr said he "had never seen such an impressive man of God as" the Coptic Pope Benjamin.

644 Emir Umayr

An 874 manuscript titled Disputation of John and the Emir it is recorded that on the 9th of May 644, and the Emir Umayr ibn Sad al-As arise invited the Syria Orthodox Patriarch John III of the Sedre to explain the Byzantine faith to him. The Byzantine praised his efforts. At the Emir's request, John also had the Gospel translated from Syriac into Arabic by Arab Christians from the Banu Uqayl, Tanukh, and Tayy (Tashih/Tachk/Tajik) tribes. It is alleged that the emir had initially demanded that mentions of the name of Christ, the baptism, and the Cross be removed from the translation, but relented following John's refusal. The request to remove the title Christ and the Cross indicates the Emir was influenced by Judaism. He did not believe Jesus was Christ and did not want the Jews blamed for crucifixion.

644 Bostanai & Umar

It is also said that another of Yazdegard's daughters called Dara was given in marriage to the 16 year old Bostanai at this time.

644 Uthman

Uthman succeeds Umar.

Uthman's Mushaf (650s)

According to the standard narrative, Uthman ordered all Quranic materials to be burned except for the "Quraysh" version written by Zaid ibn Thabit. He also killed the supporters of the Qari Ibn Masud who opposed his decision.

Pope Martin of Gaza

It is likely that if there is any truth at all to the charge that Pope Martin granted the Saracens their Tome that it refers to the original Book of the Mawali and not to Uthman's redacted Book of the Arabs. Again concerning the charge of supplying money to them. It may have been to the Mawali cause to overthrown the Umayyads.

653 Paulicianism

Paulic, the Armenian from the Saracen Empire converts Constantine-Silvanus. Paulicians Baptists have a dualistic attitude towards created flesh so believe that Jesus is an uncreated Spirit like a human but wholly divine in origin with no human flesh taken from Mary's body and subordinate to God the Father.

The Paulicians were branded as Jews, Mohammedans, Arians, and Manichean (Hanifian). It is possible that their opponents employed such "pejorative" appellations merely as terms of abuse. They called themselves "Believers".

655 Battle of Masts

656 Tashih (Tayyaye/Tachk/Tajik)

Both Sebeos and a Chinese source concerning events preceeding 656 mention the Titular land of the new West Persian (Po-ssu) Kingdom as Tashih or Tachkastan. The word Tajiklar is still the Turkish name for Kurdish Mawali (Alevis). The Chinese source calls the rulers of the land Mo-shou (Musulman). The word Tajik was originally used to designate Persian Sufis.

The word Tajik may be related to the word Tarsak meaning God-fearer. The Muslims were told not to attack anyone in war who declared "Metras".

Another Chinese source calls them Dashi.

656 The First Fitna

As soon as the Caliph and Imam had secured their kingdom they began to fight each other. In 656 Muawiya succeeded Uthman and stepped up Arab opposition to the Mawali Pahlavis which his predecessors had subdued.

659 Muawiya's Vassalage

In 659, Mu'awiya even concluded a truce with Byzantium, including payment of tribute to the Empire.

660 Kibossa

Coinciding with the escape of many Mawali from Muawiya, Constantine-Silvanus establishes a Paulician community at Armenian Kibosa. It may be the only Gnostic Baptist colony to have successfully established itself in the Anatolian-Roman Imperial province of Armenia under the full scrutiny of the Byzantines, therefore providing a unique peep into what at least the Saracens Mawali probably believed at that time.

Alevis believe they descend from Paulicians.

661 Muawiya's Primacy

Muawiya was crowned in Jerusalem. Although Muawiya had used the cross on the Hammat Gader inscription at about this time, the Cross began to be replaced by a pole on the Dirahm marking the rise of the Judaizer faction. Muawiya soon ceased paying tribute to the Byzantine Empire and was perhaps even was converted away from a belief in the Cross.

Treaty

Muawiya of Quraysh forced the Mawali imamates underground and ended the civil wars for 20 years which resumed when the imamate tried to raise its head again upon Muawiya's death in 680. After killing Hussein many Quraysh repented and punished themselves.

Sebeos 660s

Sebeos covers the rise of the Ishmaelies from their Judaization in 622 to the ascendancy of Muawiya.

664

Amr ibn al-As dies. The Coptic Church no longer has any Mawali on their side.

2nd Imam Hassan 661-670

666

Muawiyah praises Lahut but derides Nasut.

3rd Imam Hussein 670-680

680 Yazid I

About the time of Yazid I, the 6th Ecumenical Council of 680/681 approved Dyoenergism and condemned Tritheism.

Led by Macarius then Theophanes of Antioch (681–687) most of Arabia's Old Orthodox Eastern Catholics did not accept the anathematization of Pope Honorius's words. Clinging to Papal Monothelitism they were labelled as Greek Arian-Monothelites.

The Mawali's 4th Imam

The Mawali agreed with Al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi of Kufa that Ali's son Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah should succeed Hussain as the 4th Imam.

683 Muawiya II

684 Marwan

John Maron begins to convert the Maronites who may have been Mawali up to this point.

Interestingly, the name Maron is spelled the same way as the name Marwan in Arabic.

These Old Orthodox Eastern Catholics did accept the council. They made contact with Rome and presented John Maron as their candidate for Eastetn Catholic Patriarch of Antioch. John Maron was approved by Rome in 685 as Rome was unable to reform Patriarch Macarius.

685 Abdul Malik

685 Mukhtar's Severian uprising in Kufa against Abdul Malik.

686 On 17 July Mukhtar defeats the Umayyads. His supporters are not iconoclasts.

686 Zubayr betrays Mukhtar's Severian and establishes rival Caliphate in Mecca.

684-688 Jacob of Edessa

Jacob, Bishop of Edessa states that Mehagarim in Egypt face Eastern Kaba not South and that Mehagarim in Basra face Western Kaba not South.

687

Zubayr has Mukhtar killed.

In 687 Justinian II set out without Papal approval to enforce the 6th Ecumenical Council and deal with Theophanes and his Arabian "Melkites" of Antioch and All the East, Jerusalem and Alexandria so in 692 Rome split with Greece again but it was too late to win back the support of the Arabs.

Unification

Abdul Malik crushes the Zubayris and establishes "The Arab Religion" (Ishmaelism).

Abdul Malik was the first to attempt to unite all of the Arabs by devising a new Religion for the Arabs by incorporating many ideas even from the 6th Ecumenical Council.

690 John of Nikiu

690 John of Nikiu'd comment about "the Beast that is Mahamad" may be inspired by the 7 heads of the Ma'amad governing body. Previously Sebeos and Thomas the Presbyter had reported on the rise of the Tayyaye (Tashih/Tachk/Tajik) as if they were any other political faction in Christendom but John of Nikiu sides with Sophronius marking a turning point. This will become the general Christian view of Islam (though not so much among Monophysites) into the present.

Hajjaj

Abdul Malik orders Hajjaj to prepare Uthman's book for the composition of the Quran. Hajjaj encourages people to "compose the Quran the same way Gabriel did" using certain materials.

691 Nestorian Catholicos Hananisho

Catholicos, Hnanicho, encountered 'Abd-al-Malik who asked him, 'What do you think of the Arab religion?' to which the Catholicos replied: 'It is a religion established by the sword, and not a faith confirmed by divine miracles, as with the Christianity and like the old law of Moses.' At first Abdul Malik wanted to have his tongue cut out but changed his mind instead to prohibit him from ever seeing him again.

From Abdul Malik's point of view his religion was very tolerant towards the Nestorians and he expected more appreciation.

It is possible the comments of the Catholicos are responsible for Abdul Malik's change in direction.

Abdul Malik removes pole from the Dirham and introduces iconoclasm.

692

The Quinsext Council opens a schism again between Byzantium on one side against the Roman Papacy and the Maronite Patriarchate of Antioch together on the other side.

694 Dome of the Rock

There is no indication anywhere in the Dome if the Rock inscriptions that the Umayyads believed Jesus had escaped death on the cross.

700 Abu HaShem the 5th Imam

Under their 5th Imam, Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah , the Mawali became the Hashimite Alevis.

705 Caucasian Albania

The anti-Chalcedonian clergy of Caucasian Albania convoked a council and anathematized Nerses and his supporters. Elias, Catholicos of Armenia, followed up by writing a letter to Caliph Abd al-Malik notifying him of the political threat that Chalcedonianism was posing to the region. Abd al-Malik arranged for the arrest of Nerses and Spram, who were then bound in fetters and exiled.

After the overthrow of Nerses in 705, the Caucasian Albanian elite decided to reestablish the tradition of having their Catholicoi ordained through the Patriarch of Armenia, as was the case before 590. This event is generally regarded as the abolition of the Church of Caucasian Albania through the loss of its autocephaly, and the lowering of its hierarchical status to that of a subordinate body within Armenian Apostolic Church.

705 Al-Walid I

John of Damascus refers to a contemporary Ma'amad leading the Ishmaelies.

715 Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik

716 Rise Of The Abbasids

The founder of the Abbasid dynasty was Muhammad Al-Imam who took control in 716. He tried to unite the Mawali and the Sunnis.

Under Abbasid influence a new Quran using materials from the Umayyads "book of the Arabs" and from the Mawali's Ahsana al-Hadith was composed.

Ultimately the Abbasid attempt at egalitarianism backfired. No doubt the Arabs would never have come on board if they felt they did not own the revelation. So the Abbasids granted them that but in the end their attempt to unite the Arabs and Mawali inevitably kept the religious views of Mawali suppressed in exchange for higher social status. Hence the Sufi circles have never really had any regard for Islam.

717 Umar II

In a Letter Sent to the Omeyade Calif Umar II, Leo III the Isaurian wrote :

"It was ‘Umar, Abu Turab and Salman the Persian who composed your Furqan, even though the rumour has got around among you that God sent it down from the heavens…. As for your [Book], you have already given us examples of such falsifications and one knows among others of a certain Hajjaj, named by you as governor of Persia, who had men gather your ancient books, which he replaced by others composed by himself according to his taste and which he disseminated everywhere in your nation, because it was easier by far to undertake such a task among a people speaking a single language. From this destruction, nonetheless, there escaped a few of the works of Abu Turab, for Hajjaj could not make them disappear completely."

This may be why Ali and Salman are so important to the Alawaites. This may also explain why he is said to have translated the Quran into Persian, thus becoming the first person to interpret and translate the Quran into a foreign language. Perhaps in reality the existence of the Quran in Persian was simply explained away by accrediting him as the translator. He is buried in Old Medina.

It seems that Leo III made serious investigations about the Quran. He may have gained his knowledge from the Paulicians of Genesius Timothy whom he protected. He identified key companions by name , and he even knew that Hajjaj The General of Abdel Malik Ibn Marwan intoduced some changes to the Quran, a fact attested in muslim sources like "The Book of Masahif" of Ibn Abi Dawood.

The only way that the Umayyad caliph Umar II could respond to debate was by dismissing the Bible as corrupt and prohibiting Nestorians from studying the Islamic Quran.

740s

John of Maron worked hard to convert the Maronites to dyothelitism and a brief period of Antiochene Eastern Catholic unity followed him until ultimately, in the the 740s, the Eastern Catholic Patriarchy of Antioch decisively split into Maronites and Melkites.

Continuatio Byzantia Arabica reference to Makah in desert between Carra and Chaldea.

747 Pavlikeni

According to Theophanes, part of the Paulicians of Armenia were moved to Thrace, in 747, to strengthen the Bulgarian frontier with a reliable population. They grew to assist Godfrey of Bouillon as the "Publicani" during the Crusades and even establish their own Primate Basil I of Bulgaria in 1186 to crown Asena I and consecrate their "Church of St. Demetrius" in Tarnovo.

750 The Umayyad Retreat

The Abbasids did their best to eradicate any Umayyad legacy. Unwelcome by the Abbasid Exilarch Solomon eldest son of the exilarch Ḥasdai I, many Umayyad Jews attempted to preserve themselves from the Abbasid wrath in a plethora of odd sects (Sadducees, Boethusians, Ananites, Isunians, Yudghanites, ‘Ukabarites, Mishawites, etc.) while the Judeo-Islamic Umayyads and their Mahamad continued to rule in Cordoba, Spain until the year 1030. The Judeo-Sufi dynasty of Maimonides also arose in Cordoba. Early Spanish copies of the Quran might expose differences between the Umayyad Qurans and the Abbasid Qurans.

781 Timothy I of Baghdad

Nestorian Catholics Timothy I of Baghdad provides us with perhaps the first documented exegesis of the Abbasid Quran.

Many standard Islamic Doctrines seem to have emerged as attempts to respond to Timothy's exegesis.

Questions

Was the Author Persian?

  • Persian forms of the names of Biblical figures such as Jesus (Ieso) and John (Yahia) taken from Mandaic.
  • Chinese sources about the Persian leader of the Tashih (Tayyaye/Tachk/Tajik).
  • Chinese sources about the Persian leader of the DaShi.
  • Corroboration on Tashih as Tachkastan (Land of the Tayyaye/Tajiks) from Sebeos.
  • Origin of the name Tachkastan from Tayyaye (Tashih/Tachk/Tajik).
  • Corroboration from Thomas the Presbyter on Tayyaye (Tashih/Tachk/Tajik) connection.
  • Pronunciation of final D as T.
  • Tentative connection of the term Banu Quraysh to Sassanians (Bnei Koreish).
  • Relevance of coup activities of the Kurdish Pahlavi faction.
  • Connection of the word Sacacen to Kurds and Kurds Parton origins to Siraces.
  • Aramaic words in the Quran and possible Aramaic original materials which were used in the Quran.
  • Monophysite Christology in the Quran corroborating the Palau Faction's connection to Monophysites
  • Arrival of the Arabian Nabi in Medina (Wadi Rafidain) as an outsider from the Quraysh of Hira.
  • Judaization among Umayyads (Hagarenes) demands knowledge of Jewish communities which were mainly in Persia at the time.
  • Ruqiya (Mandaic style incantations)
  • The verse "Romans have been defeated" alongside use of Drahma suggests that the author/audience laments the loss of their trade partners and no mention of Sassanians in the Quran is therefore suspicious. (UNLESS taming of Quraysh refers to paying tribute to Kurdish Pahlavi.)
  • If the Quran was revealed in Quraysh, why did Zaiyd ibn Thabit have to translate it into Quraysh UNLESS he was trying to change the meaning of the word Quraysh to refer to his own clan?
  • Quran was most popular in Kufa (Yufen) where they rejected later Hadith as the Quran commands.
  • Kufa was the center of Mukhtar's Mawali.
  • Kufic may be older than Hijazi.
  • Zubayr introduces Black Stone worship in Makah to impress Nabateans.

Conclusion

Judging by the evidence, the author(s) of the original Quranic materials was(were) most certainly Parthian.

Did the Narrative change?

Foreign teacher Narrative

  • The language of the man opponents say is the real teacher of the Quran is called Foreign or Persian.
  • Sarjis
  • Pope Martin
  • Sebeos mentions "on high command"

The Umayyad Sword Narrative

  • Doctrina Yacobi "a Prophet does not come with a sword".
  • Chinese source 2
  • Hananisho it is a religion of the sword not divine revelation.

Sword and Text Narrative

  • Chinese source 1

Book Miracle Narrative

  • John of Damascus

Islamic narrative

  • God's Messenger the Angel Gabriel revealed a recitation to a man called Muhammad chosen by God to be his Prophet and Messenger.