==Legal System in Jewish Law (for Noahides)==

Most rabbinic authorities consider the Seven Noahide Laws a parallel system of general categories of commandments, each containing many components and details.

* Some rabbinic opinion regards the determination of the details of the Noahide Law as something to be left to Jewish rabbis. This, in addition to the teaching of the Jewish law that punishment for violating one of the seven Noahide Laws includes a theoretical death penalty (Talmud, tractate Sanhedrin 57a), is a factor in modern opposition to the notion of a Noahide legal system. Jewish scholars respond by noting that Jews today no longer carry out the death penalty, even within the Jewish community. Jewish law, in contemporary practice, sees the [[death penalty]] as an indicator of the seriousness of an offense; violators are not actually put to death.

* Other rabbinic opinion holds that penalties are a detail of the Noahide Laws and that Noahides themselves must determine the details of their own laws for themselves. According to this school of thought - see N. Rakover, ''Law and the Noahides'' (1998); M. Dallen, ''The Rainbow Covenant'' (2003)- the Noahide Laws offer mankind a set of absolute values and a framework for righteousness and justice, while the detailed laws that are currently on the books of the world's states and nations are presumptively valid.

===Rabbi Yaakov Anatoli (1194-1256)===

===Chaim Clorfene and Yakov Rogalsky===

According to Chaim Clorfene and Yakov Rogalsky in the "Path of the Righteous Gentile"<ref>* Clorfene, Chaim and Yaakov Rogalsky ''[http://moshiach.com/action/morality/introduction.php The Path of the Righteous Gentile: An Introduction to the Seven Laws of the Children of Noah]''. New York: Phillip Feldheim, 1987</ref> the Children of Noah are commanded to establish courts of law that will carry out justice and maintain human righteousness and morality in accord with the Seven Universal Laws.<ref>Mishneh Torah, Laws of Kings, chapter 9, law 14</ref> A court system that perverts justice by handing down rulings in conflict with the Seven Universal Laws is an instrument for driving God's blessings out of the world. Anyone who fails to establish a court system, that is, who lives in a community or city in which there are no courts, and who does nothing to correct the situation, is punishable by death. One who establishes or maintains courts of law that operate contrary to the Seven Universal Laws is similarly liable.

In the Book of Genesis (34:25), we learn that two of Jacob's sons, Simeon and Levi, slew every male in the city of Shechem. The prince of the community, Shechem, son of Hamor, had raped their sister, Dinah, and the city failed to execute justice by bringing him to a court of law. The city was therefore guilty of transgressing this seventh of the Seven Universal Laws, and every citizen was liable for punishment.

Although the Noahide courts are responsibile for only the Seven Universal Laws, not the 613 laws of the Torah, there is an opinion that each decision of the Noahide courts must follow its counterpart in Jewish Law. The accepted opinion, however, is that Noahide judges and courts of law are to render legal decisions according to their own laws and principles of law.

7. [[Arbitration ]] and mediation or any other means of finding an amicable settlement or compromise, thereby avoiding a court trial, is desirable, and, more than that, it is a commandment to seek compromise.

8. Circumstantial evidence is admissible in the Noahide courts of law.

===Civil law===

Civil law is the most widespread system of [[law]] in the world. It is also known as ~~<em>~~'''European Continental law~~</em>~~'''. The central source of law that is recognised as authoritative are ~~[[codification]]s~~ codifications in a [[constitution]] or [[statute]] passed by government, to amend a code. Civil law systems mainly derive from the [[Roman Empire]], and more particularly, the ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' issued by the Emperor [[Justinian]] ca. 529AD. This was an extensive reform of the law in the [[Eastern Empire]], bringing it together into codified documents. Civil law today, in theory, is interpreted rather than developed or made by judges. Only ~~[[legislature|~~legislative]] enactments (rather than ~~[[judiciary|~~judicial~~]] [[precedent|~~precedents]]) are considered legally binding. However, in reality courts do pay attention to previous decisions, especially from higher courts.

Scholars of [[comparative law]] and economists promoting the [[legal origins theory]] usually subdivide civil law into three distinct groups:

[[Category:Legal Rulings]]

[[Category:Jerusalem Court for Bnei Noah]]

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