The '''Huns''' (singular: Kun/Hun/On/Un, meaning "Ten", plural: Kunok/Hunuk/Onoq/Unug, also simply meaning "People") considered themselves to be the "Fist of God", the "Hammer of God", the "Scourge of God" and descendants of the lost "Ten" Tribes of Israel. They were a major component of in the proto-Turkic ~~armies~~hordes. They organised themselves in Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western camps each corresponding to one of four colours Black, Red, White, and Blue respectively. ~~After~~ The earliest known Hun rulers were Touman (240–209 BC) and Maodun (209–174 BC). When Ban Chao attacked the [[Xiongnu]], Bei Shan-Yu (89–91 CE), migrated to the Caspian depression and his ''Hunnoi'' are first mentioned by Tacitus as being near the Caspian Sea in 91 CE. By CE 139, the geographer Ptolemy writes that the "Huni" (''Χοῦνοι'' or ''Χουνοἰ'') are between the Bastarnae and the Rhoxolani in the Pontic area under the rule of ''Suni''. He lists the beginning of the 2nd century, although it is not known for certain if these people were the Huns. It is possible that the similarity between the names "Huni" (''Χοῦνοι'') and "Hunnoi" (''Ουννοι'') is only a coincidence considering that while the Western Roman Empire often wrote Chunni or Chuni, the Byzantine Empire never used the guttural ''Χ'' at the beginning of the name.<ref name=Thompson1996/> By the late 4th century CE Balamber the Kushan had forced them into the southern Ural region where the majority stayed gradually establishing the Finnic areas of Europe and Russia. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_the_Hun Humber] the "[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Viking_Expansion.svg Nordic]" Hun who raided Britain was one of their descendants. Only a small fraction of the Uralic Huns actually moved with the Kushans into European Scythia as the Hunugurs (modern [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6420145.x/pdf Örség]). According to the Byzantine History of Priscus, while the hunters of this tribe (Hunor and Magor sons of Nimrod son of Tana) were as usual seeking game on the far bank of Lake Maeotis (Caspian Sea), they saw a deer appear unexpectedly before them and enter the swamp (Volga Delta), leading them on as a guide of the way, now advancing and now standing still. The hunters followed it on foot and crossed the [http://www.parstimes.com/spaceimages/volga_river_delta_lrg.jpg Maeotic swamp (Volga Delta)], which they had thought was as impassable as the sea. When Maeotia, the unknown Scythian land of the [[Alans]] appeared, the deer disappeared. The Huns, who had been completely ignorant that any other world existed beyond the Maeotic swamp, were filled with admiration of the Scythian country, and, since they were quick of mind, believed that the passage, familiar to no previous age, had been shown to them by God. They returned to their own people, told them what had happened, and persuaded them to follow along the way which the deer, as their guide, had shown them. They hastened to Scythia. Soon they crossed the huge swamp and like some tempest overwhelmed the various tribes of the [[Alans]]' Dula to become the 5 Dulo (咄陆) Crimean Hun (Kerami/Kermikhiones) tribes of Kidara.<ref>Priscus, Byzantine History, fragment 10.</ref> This is the basis of both the Hungarian legend of Hunor and Magor inn the Gesta Ungarorum and Chronicon Pictum as well as the Bulgarian legend of the Martenitsa recorded by Vasil Stanilov. The most famous of their clans was the Simeon tribe of the Southern "Red" Kidara or Kermikhiones to which belonged the Great Gahan Bulan of the Khazars who is generally regarded as the founder of Turanian Karaism after he was converted by Isaac Sangari of Khwarezm. Genghis Khan devastated them in an attempt to establish himself as their Chief Priest before he was struck by lightning. In Mediaeval times the Huns were known as Cumans, then after the enlightenment, they were generally known as Polovtsi ~~or Cumans~~. Their modern descendants are represented by the speakers of Kipchak languages mostly belong to the Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a meaning that all other R1a people of Eastern Europe also descend from the Polovtsi.

Their religion was [[Turanian Karaism]].

== List of Xiongnu Chanyus ==

{| class="wikitable"

|+ NB Chanyu names do not always obey Chinese convention

! Chinese name !! [[Pinyin]]/[[Wade-Giles]] !! [[Guangyun]] !! Personal Name !! Reign !! Note

| colspan="5" |

| [[Touman]] (頭曼單于/头曼单于) || tóumàn/ t'ou-man || || ||240–209 BC

| [[Modu Chanyu|Maodun]] (冒頓單于/冒顿单于) || mòudùn / mou-tun || || || 209–174 BC || a.k.a. Batur (Baγatur) <ref>Hirth F. Sinologische Beitrage zur Geschichte der Turk-Volker. Die Ahnentafel Attila's nach Johannes von Thurocz. Bull. Imp. Acad, series V, vol. XIII, 1900, No 2, pp. 221–261.</ref>

| [[Laoshang Chanyu|Laoshang]] (老上單于/老上单于) || lǎoshàng / lao-shang || || || 174–161 BC

| [[Gunchen Chanyu|Gunchen]] (軍臣單于/军臣单于) || jūnchén / chün-ch'en || || || 161–126 BC

| [[Ichise Chanyu|Ichise]] (伊稚斜單于/伊稚斜单于) || yīzhìxié / i-chih-hsieh || || || 126–114 BC

| [[Uwei Chanyu|Uwei]] || || || ( 烏維/ 乌维) || 114–105 BC

| [[Ushylu Chanyu|Ushylu]] (兒單于/儿单于) || || || ( 烏師廬/乌师庐) || 105–102/101 BC || "Err Chanyu" (underage) <ref>Bichurin N.Ya., ''"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"'', 1851, vol. 1, p. 46</ref>

| [[Guilihu Chanyu|Guilihu]] || || || ( 呴犛湖/ 呴犁湖) || 102/101–101/100 BC

| [[Chedihou Chanyu|Chedi]] (且鞮侯)|| || || ( 且鞮侯) || 101/100–96 BC || a.k.a. Quidi, Chedihou

| [[Hulugu Chanyu|Hulugu]] (狐鹿姑單于/狐鹿姑单于) || húlùgū / hu-lu-ku || || || 96–85 BC

| [[Huandi Chanyu|Huandi]] (壺衍鞮單于/壺衍鞮单于) || húyǎndī / hu-yen-ti || || || 85–68 BC

| [[Hyuilui-Juankui Chanyu|Hyuilui-Juankui]] (虛閭權渠單于/虚闾权渠单于) || xūlǘquánqú / hsü-lü-ch'üan-ch'ü || || || 68–60 BC ||

| [[Uyan-Guidi Chanyu|Uyan-Guidi]] (握衍朐鞮單于/握衍朐鞮单于) || wòyǎnqúdī / wo-lu-ch'ü-ti || || ( 屠耆堂/ 屠耆堂) || 60–58 BC

| [[Huhanye Chanyu|Huhanye]] (呼韓邪單于/呼韩邪单于) || hūhánxié / hu-han-hsieh || || Giheushyan <ref>Bichurin N.Ya., ''"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"'', 1851, vol. 1, p. 59</ref> ( 稽侯狦) || 58 – 31 BC 屠耆單于, 58–56 BC 呼揭單于, 57 BC 車犂單于, 57–56 BC 烏籍單于, 57 BC 閏振單于, 56–54 BC [[Zhizhi Chanyu]] 郅支單于, 55 – 36 BC 伊利目單于, 49 BC ||

| [[Fujulei Jodi-Chanyu|Fujulei]] <ref>Bichurin N.Ya., ''"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"'', 1851, vol. 1, p. 86</ref> (復株纍若鞮單于/复株累若鞮单于) || fùzhūléiruòdī/fu-chu-lei-je-ti || || Dyaotao-mogao <ref>Bichurin N.Ya., ''"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"'', 1851, vol. 1, p. 86</ref> ( 彫陶莫皋/ 雕陶莫皋) || 31–20 BC || ''"Jodi"'' in Hunnic means "respectful to parents" <ref>Bichurin N.Ya., ''"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"'', 1851, vol. 1, p. 107</ref>

| [[Seuxie Jodi-Chanyu|Seuxie]] <ref>Bichurin N.Ya., ''"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"'', 1851, vol. 1, p. 86</ref> (搜諧若鞮單于/搜谐若鞮单于) || || || Juimixui <ref>Bichurin N.Ya., ''"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"'', 1851, vol. 1, p. 86</ref> ( 且麋胥) || 20–12 BC || Title ''Jodi-Chanyu''

| [[Guia Jodi-Chanyu|Guia]] <ref>Bichurin N.Ya., ''"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"'', 1851, vol. 1, p. 87</ref> (車牙若鞮單于/车牙若鞮单于) || || || Juimigui <ref>Bichurin N.Ya., ''"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"'', 1851, vol. 1, p. 87</ref> ( 且莫車/挛鞮且莫车) || 12–8 BC || Title ''Jodi-Chanyu''

| [[Uchjulu Jodi-Chanyu|Uchjulu]] <ref>Bichurin N.Ya., ''"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"'', 1851, vol. 1, p. 87</ref> (烏珠留若鞮單于/乌珠留若鞮单于) || || || Nengzhiyasi <ref>R. de Crespigny, ''"Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire"'', Australian National University Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No.4, Canberra 1984, [http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/han_xiongnu.html]</ref> ( 囊知牙斯) || 8 BC – 13 AD || Title ''Jodi-Chanyu''

| [[Ulei-Jodi Chanyu|Ulei]] Hyan <ref>Bichurin N.Ya., ''"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"'', vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, p. 105–107</ref> (烏累若鞮單于/乌累若鞮单于) || || || ( 鹹/挛鞮咸) || 13–18 AD || Title ''Jodi-Chanyu''

| [[Yui Shanyu|Yui]] <ref>Bichurin N.Ya., ''"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"'', 1851, vol. 1, pp. 108–109</ref> (呼都而尸道皋若鞮單于/呼都而尸道皋若鞮单于) || || || ( 輿/挛鞮舆) || 18–46 AD

| [[Wudadi Shanyu|Wudadi]]-hou <ref>R. de Crespigny, ''"Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire"'', 1984</ref> || Wudadi|| || (烏達鞮侯/乌达鞮侯) || 46 AD ||

===Northern Xiongnu (北匈奴)===

{| class="wikitable"

! Chinese name !! [[Pinyin]]/[[Wade-Giles]] !! [[Guangyun]] !! Personal Name !! Reign !! Note

| colspan="5" |

| [[Punu Shanyu|Punu]] (蒲奴) || Punu || || ||46–48 AD ||

| [[Youliu Shanyu|Youliu]] <ref>R. de Crespigny, ''"Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire"'', 1984</ref> (優留) || Youliu || || || ?–87 AD ||

| [[Northern Chanyu (1st century)|Bey/Bi]] (北單于) || Běi Chányú || || || 88–? AD ||

| [[Yuchujian Shanyu|Yuchujian]] <ref>R. de Crespigny, ''"Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire"'', 1984</ref> (於除鞬單于) || Yuchujian || || || 91–93 AD ||

| [[Feng Shanyu|Feng]]-hou (逢侯) || Feng, a.k.a. Finghey || || || 94–118 AD ||

===Hun Rulers===

{| class="wikitable"

! Chinese name !! Data !! Personal Name !! Reign

| colspan="5" |

| Hu, Han-Sie/Hanxie (呼, 韓邪) Di II (第二) 醢落尸逐鞮 || a.k.a. Bey/Bi (KhuKheniy II) of the East partition brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations with Han China in AD 50 || ||48–56/55 AD

| Chiu-Fu Yu-Ti (丘浮尤提) || Chupu-NoTi || ||55/56–56/57 AD

| I-Fa Wu Yu-Ti (伊伐於慮提) || ??? || ||56/57–59 AD

| XienTung ShiSuQuTi (醢僮尸逐侯提) || Shtongsi SuyGhuTi || ||59–63 AD

| 丘除車林提 || Kuchi QilinTi || ||63 AD

| HuYeh ShiSuQuTi (湖邪尸逐侯提) || Ghushi Shisu Quti || ||63–85 AD

| I-Tu-Yi-Lu-Ti (伊屠於閭提) || Iltu UluTi || ||85–88 AD

| [[Tuntuhe Shanyu|Tuntuhe]] <ref>R. de Crespigny, ''"Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire"'', 1984</ref> Siuan <ref>Bichurin N.Ya., ''"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"'', 1851, vol. 1, pp. 130–134</ref> || XiuLan ShiSuQuTi (休蘭尸逐侯提) Shulan || ||88–93 AD

| [[Anguo Shanyu|Anguo]] <ref>R. de Crespigny, ''"Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire"'', 1984</ref> (安國) || a.k.a. Arqu started a large scale rebellion against the Han || ||93–94 AD

| [[Shizi Shanyu|Shizi]]-hou <ref>R. de Crespigny, ''"Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire"'', 1984</ref> (尸逐) || Tindu ShiSuQuTi (亭獨尸逐侯提) || ||94–98 AD

| Wanchi ShiSuQuTi (萬氏尸逐侯提) || opposed by... ...[[Feng Shanyu|Feng]] a.k.a. Finghey || ||98-124AD 98–118 AD

| Wuzhi ShiSuQuTi (烏稽尸逐侯提) || ??? || ||124–127/128 AD

| [[Xiuli Shanyu|Xiuli]] <ref>R. de Crespigny, ''"Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire"'', 1984</ref> || Kuti NoShiSuChin (去特若尸逐就){{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}, committed suicide under Chinese pressure|| ||127/128–140/142?

| [[Cheniu Shanyu|Cheniu]] <ref>R. de Crespigny, ''"Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire"'', 1984</ref> || Chu-Xiu ???{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}, popularly elected not from Hunnic dynastic lines || ||140–143 AD

| [[Deuleuchu Chanyu|Deuleuchu]] <ref>Bichurin N.Ya., ''"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"'', 1851, vol. 1, pp. 144</ref> || Ghoran, Hu, Lan NoShiSuChin (呼, 蘭若尸逐就){{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}, pin. '''''Touluchu''''',<ref>R. de Crespigny, ''"Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire"'', 1984</ref> puppet fictitious appointee at the Chinese court || ||143–147 AD

| [[Guiguir Chanyu|Guiguir]] <ref>Bichurin N.Ya., ''"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"'', 1851, vol. 1, pp. 145</ref> || Illin, I-Ling NoShiSuChin (伊陵若尸逐就){{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}, pin. Jucheer;<ref>R. de Crespigny, ''Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire'', 1984</ref> puppet Chinese appointee that escaped Chinese control; incarcerated by Chinese in 158 AD || ||147–158 AD (d. 172 AD)

| [[Tude-joshy-zhuogu Chanyu|Tude-joshy-zhuogu]] <ref>Bichurin N.Ya., ''Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times'', 1851, vol. 1, pp. 145 (''True name unknown; the Chinese moniker has negative connotation; confirmed by Chinese Court as Chanyu in 172 AD'')</ref> || Dotuk NoShiSuChin (屠特若尸逐就){{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}, a.k.a. Utno Shisu Quti || ||158–178 AD

| [[Huzheng Chanyu|Huzheng]] <ref>Bichurin N.Ya., ''Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times'', 1851, vol. 1, pp. 145</ref> (呼, 徵) || a.k.a. Hu, Ching; Ghuzhin || ||178–179 AD

| [[Qiangqui Chanyu|Qiangqui]] (羌渠) || a.k.a. Qiangquy, Qiangqu,<ref>R. de Crespigny, ''Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire'', 1984</ref> Jiangqu; killed in [[Chuge|Xiuchuge]] Huns rebellion || ||179–188 AD

| [[Yufuluo Chanyu|Yufuluo]] (於扶羅)|| a.k.a. Qizi ShiSuQu (特至尸逐侯){{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}. The last ShiSu. Homeless puppet Chanyu, overthrown in the Ordos by the unnamed Chanyu of Xiluo 醯落 and Tu'ge 屠各. Led dozens of refugee Xiongnu tribes to Pingyang (平阳) in Shanxi. || ||188–195 AD

| [[Huchuquan Chanyu|Huchuquan]] (呼廚泉)|| Yufuluo's brother,<ref>R. de Crespigny, ''Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire'', 1984</ref> he ruled over the Pingyang Xiongnu after Yufuluo died. || ||195–215/6 AD

| [[Punu Shanyu|Punu]] (蒲奴) || Punu || || ||46–48 AD ||

| [[Youliu Shanyu|Youliu]] <ref>R. de Crespigny, ''"Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire"'', 1984</ref> (優留) || Youliu || || || ?–87 AD ||

| [[Northern Chanyu (1st century)|Bey/Bi]] (北單于) || Běi Chányú || || || 88–? AD ||

| [[Yuchujian Shanyu|Yuchujian]] <ref>R. de Crespigny, ''"Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire"'', 1984</ref> (於除鞬單于) || Yuchujian || || || 91–93 AD ||

| [[Feng Shanyu|Feng]]-hou (逢侯) || Feng, a.k.a. Finghey || || || 94–118 AD ||

* [[Kanishka I]] ca. 127 – ca. 140

* [[Vāsishka]] (ca. 140 – ca. 160)

* [[Huvishka]] (ca. 160 – ca. 190)

* [[Vasudeva I]] (ca. 190 – ca. 230)

* [[Avitohol]], king of the Alans

* [[Malkar]] [[Kyi]], king of the Huns

* [[Kungas]]

* [[Varhran]]

* [[Grumbat]]

* [[Kidara]]

* [[Balamber|Brahmi Buddhatala]]

* [[Baltazár]]

* [[Alypbi]]

* [[Uldin]]

* [[Donatus (Hunnic Khan)|Donatus]]

* [[Charaton]]

* [[Octar]]

* [[Rugila]]

* [[Mundzuk]]

* [[Bleda]]

* [[Attila]]

* [[Ellac]]

* [[Dengizich]]

* [[Ernakh]]

* [[Dzhurash]]

* [[Grod (ruler of the Crimean Huns)|Tatra]]

* [[Grod (ruler of the Crimean Huns)|Grod]]

* [[Mugel]]

* [[Sandilch]]

* [[Houdbaad]]

* [[Kubrat]] [[Aba (family)|Chaba]]

* [[Batbayan]] & [[Asparuh]] father of the [[Tervel]] Kermesians.

* [[Tat-Ugek]]

* [[Ügyek]]

* [[Előd]]

* [[Turul]]

* [[Şilki]]

* [[Almış]]

* [[Árpád]]

* [[Liüntika]]

* [[Tarhos]]

* [[Jelek]]

* [[Jutas]]

* [[Fajsz]]

* [[Zoltán of Hungar|Zoltan]]

* [[Taksony of Hungary|Taksony]]

* [[House of Árpád]]

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