Tovia Levi-Babovich moved from Crimea to Egypt in 1934 and until his death in 1956 began to formulate what under the influence of Mordechai Alfandari in Israel has now become the heretical sect known as [[Karaite Judaism]]. He was not removed by the Nazis because the Nazis did not consider the Karaites to be Jews. In fact some Socialist Ukrainian Nationalist Crimean Karaites collaborated with the Nazis to eliminate the [[Karaimites]] who Seraya Shapshal was trying to help.
Simon Szyszman argues strongly that they are Judaizers only and not of any sort of Jewish origin.
