It should be noted that Beth Shammai disputed even Shammai himself and so should not be taken as the opinion of Shammai, but rather the result of Shammai's opinions. One of the 18 measures they passed was supposed to be worse than the Golden Calf because it negated Israel's mission on earth. According to R. Harvey Falk, Beth Shammai Halakhah rejects the idea of salvation for non-Israelites. This is usualy called "Shammai's Ruler" which contrasts with "Hillel's Golden Rule". Beth Shammai Halakhah was recorded in the Talmud through the opinions of Rabbi Eliezer but is preserved in the literal Torah approach of Karaite Judaism. According to Beth Shammai Halakhah, Noahism should be nothing but the first step on the path to joining the greater congregation of Israel. As a result, according to Beth Shammai Halakhah, for those who can, circumcision followed by complete Torah observance should be the goal. These points are in sharp contrast to Beth Hillel Halakhah which does believe in salvation for non-Israelites and makes circumcision the last step in conversion. There has always been a subcurrent of Rabbis who have maintained a tradition that Beth Shammai Halakhah will replace Beth Hillel Halakhah during the messianic era. According to [[Harvey Falk|R. Harvey Falk]], although there is no documented source for the origin of this rumour. The Qeryana HaKefa Both Christianity and Islam began as misunderstandings of the Karaylar Jews & Hagarim exists within the Shammaite Beth Shammai approach.
