http://www.wikinoah.org/en/index.php?title=Apostolic_Decree&feed=atom&action=historyApostolic Decree - Revision history2024-03-28T18:13:11ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.27.1http://www.wikinoah.org/en/index.php?title=Apostolic_Decree&diff=22752&oldid=prevפטר חמור: /* The issues */2022-06-29T00:26:51Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The issues</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==The issues==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==The issues==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A common interpretation is that the council was convened as the result of the disagreement within the [[Early Christianity|Early Christian]] community between those, such as the followers of James, who believed the church must observe the rules of traditional [[Judaism]]{{fn|1}}, and [[Paul of Tarsus]], who believed there was no such necessity (see also [[Supersessionism]]). However, the "rules of traditional Judaism", the [[Halakha]] of [[Rabbinic Judaism]], were still under development at this time, as the [[Jewish Encyclopedia]] article on [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=254&letter=J&search=Jesus Jesus] notes: "Jesus, however, does not appear to have taken into account the fact that the Halakah was at this period just becoming crystallized, and that much variation existed as to its definite form; the disputes of the [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Hillel the Elder|Bet </del>Hillel]] and [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Shammai|Bet </del>Shammai]] were occurring about the time of his maturity."</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A common interpretation is that the council was convened as the result of the disagreement within the [[Early Christianity|Early Christian]] community between those, such as the followers of James, who believed the church must observe the rules of traditional [[Judaism]]{{fn|1}}, and [[Paul of Tarsus]], who believed there was no such necessity (see also [[Supersessionism]]). However, the "rules of traditional Judaism", the [[Halakha]] of [[Rabbinic Judaism]], were still under development at this time, as the [[Jewish Encyclopedia]] article on [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=254&letter=J&search=Jesus Jesus] notes: "Jesus, however, does not appear to have taken into account the fact that the Halakah was at this period just becoming crystallized, and that much variation existed as to its definite form; the disputes of the [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Beit </ins>Hillel]] and [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Beit </ins>Shammai]] were occurring about the time of his maturity."</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The central issue was [[History of male circumcision#Male Circumcision in the Greco-Roman World|circumcision]], as the author of ''Acts'' relates the initial confrontation in [[Antioch]], where Paul had been preaching:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The central issue was [[History of male circumcision#Male Circumcision in the Greco-Roman World|circumcision]], as the author of ''Acts'' relates the initial confrontation in [[Antioch]], where Paul had been preaching:</div></td></tr>
</table>פטר חמורhttp://www.wikinoah.org/en/index.php?title=Apostolic_Decree&diff=15760&oldid=prevAbrahamson: Reverted edits by LindaJames (Talk) to last revision by Abrahamson2012-08-29T07:07:13Z<p>Reverted edits by <a href="/en/index.php/Special:Contributions/LindaJames" title="Special:Contributions/LindaJames">LindaJames</a> (<a href="/en/index.php/User_talk:LindaJames" title="User talk:LindaJames">Talk</a>) to last revision by <a href="/en/index.php/User:Abrahamson" title="User:Abrahamson">Abrahamson</a></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Western version of Acts substitutes the negative form of the [[ethic of reciprocity|Golden Rule]]{{fn|5}} for the prohibition against things strangled.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Western version of Acts substitutes the negative form of the [[ethic of reciprocity|Golden Rule]]{{fn|5}} for the prohibition against things strangled.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The [[Didache]], short for "Teaching of the Lord to the Gentiles by the Twelve Apostles", part of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox]] Bible and the [[Apostolic Fathers]] collection, is generally dated about the same time as Acts. Though it doesn't mention a council, its title strongly suggests it is meant to represent the decree of that council. It starts with a first commandment, the [[Shema]] and the negative form of the Golden Rule, then a second commandment has prohibitions against murder, adultery, corrupting boys, sexual promiscuity, theft, magic, sorcery, abortion, infanticide, coveting, perjury, false testimony, speaking evil, holding grudges, being double-minded, not acting as you speak, greed, avarice, hypocrisy, maliciousness, arrogance, ploting evil against neighbors, hate, narcissism and expansions on these generally with references to the words of Jesus. Chapter 4, verse 13 states you must not forsake the Lord's commandments, neither adding nor subtracting. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Cha </del>... <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">\n</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The [[Didache]], short for "Teaching of the Lord to the Gentiles by the Twelve Apostles", part of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox]] Bible and the [[Apostolic Fathers]] collection, is generally dated about the same time as Acts. Though it doesn't mention a council, its title strongly suggests it is meant to represent the decree of that council. It starts with a first commandment, the [[Shema]] and the negative form of the Golden Rule, then a second commandment has prohibitions against murder, adultery, corrupting boys, sexual promiscuity, theft, magic, sorcery, abortion, infanticide, coveting, perjury, false testimony, speaking evil, holding grudges, being double-minded, not acting as you speak, greed, avarice, hypocrisy, maliciousness, arrogance, ploting evil against neighbors, hate, narcissism and expansions on these generally with references to the words of Jesus. Chapter 4, verse 13 states you must not forsake the Lord's commandments, neither adding nor subtracting. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chapter 6, verse 2 states if you can bear the whole yoke of the Lord you will be perfect, but otherwise do what you can, (which seems to parallel James as recorded in Acts), followed by the prohibition against meat sacrificed to idols</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Related to the Didache are the texts: [[Epistle of Barnabas]], [[Apostolic Constitutions]], Didascalia Apostolorum[http://www</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">earlychristianwritings.com/didascalia.html], Apostolic Church Ordinances[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01635a.htm], Summary of Doctrine, Life of Schnudi and On the Teaching of the Apostles (or Doctrina)</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Meet </del>The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">New Boss</del>: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">You ==</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Interpreting the Council's decision==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The earliest reaction to the so-called ''Council of Jerusalem'' was that of Paul himself, in his [[Epistle to Galatians]]. </ins>The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">account in Acts and Paul's own report are from fairly different angles{{fn|6}}. In the letter to the churches of [[Galatia]] Paul claims he went to Jerusalem with Barnabas and [[Apostle Titus|Titus]] "in response to a revelation", in order to "lay before them the [[gospel]] (he) proclaimed among the Gentiles" (Gal 2:2); ''them'' being according to Paul "those who were supposed to be acknowledged leaders" (Gal 2:6): James, [[Aramaic of Jesus#Cephas|Cephas]] and [[John the Apostle|John]]; in a "private meeting". Paul claims that the "acknowledged pillars" didn't even pressure Titus, who was Greek, to get circumcised{{fn|7}}. What he had trouble with was "false believers secretly brought in, who slipped in to spy on the freedom{{fn|8}} we have in Christ [[Jesus]], so that they might enslave us" (Gal 2</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4). Paul claims the pillars had no issues with him, on the contrary they gave him the "right hand of fellowship", he bound for the mission to the ''uncircumcised'' and they to the ''circumcised'', requesting only that he remember the ''poor''{{fn|9}} of Jerusalem.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">What do coffee growers </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ethiopia</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hardware store owners in America</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and Basque entrepreneurs have in common? For one thing</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">many </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">them belong to cooperatives. By pooling their money </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">resources</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">voting democratically on how </del>those <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">resources will be used</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">they can compete in business </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reinvest the benefits </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">their communities</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Origen]] </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the beginning of the 3rd century placed the ''apostolic council'' in [[Antioch]]: "Wherefore</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as there is some obscurity about this matter [food]</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">without some explanation is given</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">it seemed good to the apostles </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Jesus </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the elders assembled together at Antioch</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also, as they themselves say, to the [[Holy Spirit]], to write a letter to the Gentile believers, forbidding them to partake of </ins>those <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">things from which alone they say it is necessary to abstain, namely, "things offered to idols, things strangled</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">blood."" [Contra Celsus 8.29][http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/origen168.html]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Circumcision wasn't an issue for Origen as he castrated himself based on his reading of Matthew 19:12. The [[Apostolic Constitutions]] also reference an ''apostolic council'' </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Antioch</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>[[http://<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">goodvillenews</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Meet-</del>The-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">New</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Boss</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">You-wF4aeF</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">html Meet The New Boss: You]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[Augustine of Hippo]] in the 4th century, in ''Contra Faustum'' 32.13</ins>[http://<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">www</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">newadvent.org</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fathers/140632.htm] noted: "</ins>The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">observance of pouring out the blood which was enjoined in ancient times upon Noah himself after the deluge, the meaning of which we have already explained, is thought by many to be what is meant in the Acts of the Apostles, where we read that the Gentiles were required to abstain from fornication, and from things sacrificed, and from blood, that is, from flesh of which the blood has not been poured out. Others give a different meaning to the words, and think that to abstain from blood means not to be polluted with the crime of murder. It would take too long to settle this question, and it is not necessary. For, allowing that the apostles did on that occasion require Christians to abstain from the blood of animals, and not to eat of things strangled, they seem to me to have consulted the time in choosing an easy observance that could not be burdensome to any one, and which the Gentiles might have in common with the Israelities, for the sake of the Corner</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">stone, who makes both one in Himself; while at the same time they would be reminded how the Church of all nations was prefigured by the ark of Noah, when God gave this command,</ins>--<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a type which began to be fulfilled in the time of the apostles by the accession of the Gentiles to the faith</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http://goodvillenews</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com/wk</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">html GoodvilleNews</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com - good, positive news, inspirational stories, articles]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">James's resolution was that most Jewish law, including the requirement for circumcision of males, was not obligatory for </ins>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">gentile]] followers, possibly in order to make it easier for them to join the movement{{fn|10}}</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">However, the council did retain the prohibitions against eating meat containing blood, or meat not properly slain</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It also retained the prohibitions against "fornication" and idol worship</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Reuse of Wastewater May Improve Drinking Water Supply </del>==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Footnotes</ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|1}} Galatians 2:12</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">With recent advances </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">technology </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">design</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">treating municipal wastewater and reusing it </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drinking water, irrigation, industry</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">other applications could significantly increase the nations total available water resources</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">particularly in coastal areas facing water shortages, says a new report from </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">National Research Council</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|2}} Robert Eisenman in ''James the Brother of Jesus'' identifies Paul with [[Josephus]]' Ananias the Jewish merchant (''Jewish Antiquities'' 20.2.3-4), who proselytized Gentiles teaching them that faith </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">God is superior to circumcision.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|3}} There are two major versions of Acts: Alexandrian </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Western; with preference generally given to the Alexandrian</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">see [[Bruce Metzger]]'s ''Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' which has for the Western 15:2 "...</ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Paul spoke maintaining firmly that they should stay as they were when converted; but those who had come from Jerusalem ordered them</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Paul and Barnabas </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">certain others</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to go up to Jerusalem to </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">apostles and elders that they might be judged before them about this question</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[http://goodvillenews</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com/Reuse-of-Wastewater-May-Improve-Drinking-Water-Supply-SD47qe</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">html Reuse of Wastewater May Improve Drinking Water Supply</del>]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|4}} According to Bruce Metzger's ''Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'': "the Apostolic Decree </ins>[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">15.29,15</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">20,21</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">25</ins>] ... <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">contain many problems concerning text and exegesis"; "it is possible ... (fornication means) marriage within the prohibited Levitical degrees (Lv 18.6</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">18), which the rabbis described as "forbidden for porneia," or mixed marriages with pagans (Nu 25.1; also compare 2 Cor 6.14)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or participation in pagan worship which had long been described by Old Testament prophets as spiritual adultery and which</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in fact</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">offered opportunity in many temples for religious prostitution"; "An extensive literature exists on the text and exegesis"; [[NRSV</ins>]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">has things polluted </ins>by <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">idols, fornication, whatever has been strangled, blood; [[NIV]] has food polluted </ins>by <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">idols, sexual immorality, meat of strangled animals, blood; [[Young's Literal Translation|Young's]] has pollutions of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">idols, whoredom, strangled thing, blood; Gaus' ''Unvarnished New Testament'' </ins>has <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pollution of idolatrous sacrifices, unchastity, meat </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">strangled animals, blood; [[New American Bible|NAB]] has pollution from idols, unlawful marriage, meat </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">strangled animals, blood</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Hefele's commentary </ins>on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">canon II of Gangra notes</ins>[http://<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">www</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ccel.org</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fathers2/NPNF2</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">14/Npnf2</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">14</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">40</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">htm#TopOfPage</ins>]: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"We further see that, at the time of the Synod of Gangra, the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">With the Greeks, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Balsamon also, the well-known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages, in his commentary on the sixty</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">third Apostolic Canon</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command. What the Latin Church</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">however</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">thought on this subject about the year 400, is shown by St. Augustine in his work Contra Faustum</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">where </ins>he <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah; but that then, when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen, this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning, and </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">only observed by few. But still, as late as the eighth century</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pope Gregory the Third 731 forbade the eating of blood </ins>or <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days. No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council, </ins>even <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">though it be one of the undisputed Ecumenical Synods, can be of greater and more unchanging force than </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">decree of that first council, held by </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Holy Apostles at Jerusalem</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even Ecumenical canons may be </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">only temporary utility </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">may be repealed by disuser, like other laws</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|5}} [[Hillel the Elder]] when asked by a Gentile to teach the whole [[Torah]] while standing on one foot cited the negative form of the Golden Rule, also cited in </ins>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tobit]] 4</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">15</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Jesus</ins>]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in </ins>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gospel of Matthew]] 7</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">12, part of the [[Sermon on the Mount]]</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cited the </ins>positive <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">form as summary of the "[[Torah|Law]] and [[Nevi'im|Prophets</ins>]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">".</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[http://goodvillenews</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com/wk</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">html GoodvilleNews</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com </del>- <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">good</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">positive news</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">inspirational stories</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">articles</del>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|6}} Because of the differences</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a minority argue Galatians 2:1-10 is not a record of the Council of Jerusalem </ins>but <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a different event. [[Raymond E</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Brown]] in ''Introduction </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the New Testament'' argues the majority position that they are the same event but each from </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">different viewpoint with its own bias.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|7}} Acts 16 says Paul personally circumcised [[Timothy]] even though he was Greek </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">his father was Greek because his mother was of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Jewish faith</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== 5 Easy Steps to Turn Your Life Into an Abundant Garden ==</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|8}} Some took "freedom in Christ" to mean </ins>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Antinomianism|lawlessness</ins>]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, for example Acts 21:21</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|9}} Possibly a reference to the </ins>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ebionites</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dont judge each day </del>by <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the harvest you reap but </del>by the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">seeds that you plant. ~ Robert Lewis StevensonIt </del>has <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">been my experience that life is what you make </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">it. You can look at it many ways. It can be like a cup </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">coffee it is all in how you make it</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">I have decided to look at my life as a garden because your harvest all depends </del>on <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">what seeds you plant. </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|10}} Acts 15:19</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> [</del>[http://<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">goodvillenews</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Easy-Steps-to</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Turn</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Your-Life-Into-an-Abundant-Garden-5eoXgS</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">html 5 Easy Steps to Turn Your Life Into an Abundant Garden]</del>]</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[http</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//goodvillenews</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com/wk</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">html GoodvilleNews.com </del>- <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">good</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">positive news</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">inspirational stories</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">articles]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== Would Gandhi Use Social Media? ==</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">If Gandhi were alive today</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">would </del>he <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">use social media? He </del>was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">never anti-technology</del>, or even <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">anti-changing with </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">times. Quite </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">opposite</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">actually. If Internet technologies </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">social networks were around, he would certainly have embraced them -- but with a conscious mindfulness </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">their strengths </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">weaknesses</del>.</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//goodvillenews</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com/Would-Gandhi-Use-Social-Media-J39i2S.html Would Gandhi Use Social Media?</del>]]</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//goodvillenews.com/wk.html GoodvilleNews.com - good</del>, positive <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">news, inspirational stories, articles</del>]]</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== 11 Things You Should Start Doing for Yourself Today ==</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Enjoy everything that happens in your life</del>, but <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">never make your happiness or success dependent on an attachment to any person, place or thing</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wayne DyerYou deserve </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">live </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">more balanced, harmonious </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">happier life, starting today and starting now. Today, not tomorrow, nor </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">day after tomorrow is where your life is, where your life starts</del>.  </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http://goodvillenews.com/11-Things-You-Should-Start-Doing-for-Yourself-Today-e883xI.html 11 Things You Should Start Doing for Yourself Today</del>]]</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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</table>Abrahamsonhttp://www.wikinoah.org/en/index.php?title=Apostolic_Decree&diff=15712&oldid=prevLindaJames: minor updates2012-08-28T20:23:33Z<p>minor updates</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Western version of Acts substitutes the negative form of the [[ethic of reciprocity|Golden Rule]]{{fn|5}} for the prohibition against things strangled.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Western version of Acts substitutes the negative form of the [[ethic of reciprocity|Golden Rule]]{{fn|5}} for the prohibition against things strangled.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The [[Didache]], short for "Teaching of the Lord to the Gentiles by the Twelve Apostles", part of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox]] Bible and the [[Apostolic Fathers]] collection, is generally dated about the same time as Acts. Though it doesn't mention a council, its title strongly suggests it is meant to represent the decree of that council. It starts with a first commandment, the [[Shema]] and the negative form of the Golden Rule, then a second commandment has prohibitions against murder, adultery, corrupting boys, sexual promiscuity, theft, magic, sorcery, abortion, infanticide, coveting, perjury, false testimony, speaking evil, holding grudges, being double-minded, not acting as you speak, greed, avarice, hypocrisy, maliciousness, arrogance, ploting evil against neighbors, hate, narcissism and expansions on these generally with references to the words of Jesus. Chapter 4, verse 13 states you must not forsake the Lord's commandments, neither adding nor subtracting. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chapter 6, verse 2 states if you can bear the whole yoke of the Lord you will be perfect, but otherwise do what you can, (which seems to parallel James as recorded in Acts), followed by the prohibition against meat sacrificed to idols</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Related to the Didache are the texts: [[Epistle of Barnabas]], [[Apostolic Constitutions]], Didascalia Apostolorum[http://www</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">earlychristianwritings.com/didascalia.html], Apostolic Church Ordinances[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01635a.htm], Summary of Doctrine, Life of Schnudi and On the Teaching of the Apostles (or Doctrina)</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The [[Didache]], short for "Teaching of the Lord to the Gentiles by the Twelve Apostles", part of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox]] Bible and the [[Apostolic Fathers]] collection, is generally dated about the same time as Acts. Though it doesn't mention a council, its title strongly suggests it is meant to represent the decree of that council. It starts with a first commandment, the [[Shema]] and the negative form of the Golden Rule, then a second commandment has prohibitions against murder, adultery, corrupting boys, sexual promiscuity, theft, magic, sorcery, abortion, infanticide, coveting, perjury, false testimony, speaking evil, holding grudges, being double-minded, not acting as you speak, greed, avarice, hypocrisy, maliciousness, arrogance, ploting evil against neighbors, hate, narcissism and expansions on these generally with references to the words of Jesus. Chapter 4, verse 13 states you must not forsake the Lord's commandments, neither adding nor subtracting. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Cha </ins>... <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">\n</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Interpreting the Council's decision</del>==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Meet The New Boss: You </ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The earliest reaction to the so-called ''Council of Jerusalem'' was that of Paul himself, in his [[Epistle to Galatians]]. The account in Acts and Paul's own report are from fairly different angles{{fn|6}}. In the letter to the churches of [[Galatia]] Paul claims he went to Jerusalem with Barnabas and [[Apostle Titus|Titus]] "in response to a revelation", in order to "lay before them the [[gospel]] (he) proclaimed among the Gentiles" (Gal 2:2); ''them'' being according to Paul "those who were supposed to be acknowledged leaders" (Gal 2:6): James, [[Aramaic of Jesus#Cephas|Cephas]] and [[John the Apostle|John]]; in a "private meeting". Paul claims that the "acknowledged pillars" didn't even pressure Titus, who was Greek, to get circumcised{{fn|7}}. What he had trouble with was "false believers secretly brought in, who slipped in to spy on the freedom{{fn|8}} we have in Christ [[Jesus]], so that they might enslave us" (Gal 2:4). Paul claims the pillars had no issues with him, on the contrary they gave him the "right hand of fellowship", he bound for the mission to the ''uncircumcised'' and they to the ''circumcised'', requesting only that he remember the ''poor''{{fn|9}} of Jerusalem.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Origen]] </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the beginning of the 3rd century placed the ''apostolic council'' </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Antioch]]: "Wherefore</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as there is some obscurity about this matter [food]</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">without some explanation is given, it seemed good </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the apostles of Jesus </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the elders assembled together at Antioch</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as </del>they <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">themselves say, to </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Holy Spirit]], to write a letter to the Gentile believers, forbidding them to partake of those things from which alone they say it is necessary to abstain, namely, "things offered to idols, things strangled, and blood."" [Contra Celsus 8.29][http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/origen168.html]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">What do coffee growers </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ethiopia, hardware store owners </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">America</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and Basque entrepreneurs have in common? For one thing</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">many of them belong </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cooperatives. By pooling their money </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">resources</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">voting democratically on how those resources will be used</ins>, they <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">can compete in business and reinvest </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">benefits </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">their communities</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Circumcision wasn't an issue for Origen as he castrated himself based on his reading of Matthew 19:12. The [[Apostolic Constitutions]] also reference an ''apostolic council'' </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Antioch</del>.</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[Augustine of Hippo]] in the 4th century, in ''Contra Faustum'' 32.13</del>[http://<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">www</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">newadvent.org</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fathers/140632.htm] noted: "</del>The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">observance of pouring out the blood which was enjoined in ancient times upon Noah himself after the deluge, the meaning of which we have already explained, is thought by many to be what is meant in the Acts of the Apostles, where we read that the Gentiles were required to abstain from fornication, and from things sacrificed, and from blood, that is, from flesh of which the blood has not been poured out. Others give a different meaning to the words, and think that to abstain from blood means not to be polluted with the crime of murder. It would take too long to settle this question, and it is not necessary. For, allowing that the apostles did on that occasion require Christians to abstain from the blood of animals, and not to eat of things strangled, they seem to me to have consulted the time in choosing an easy observance that could not be burdensome to any one, and which the Gentiles might have in common with the Israelities, for the sake of the Corner</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">stone, who makes both one in Himself; while at the same time they would be reminded how the Church of all nations was prefigured by the ark of Noah, when God gave this command,</del>--<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a type which began to be fulfilled in the time of the apostles by the accession of the Gentiles to the faith</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>[[http://<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">goodvillenews</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Meet-</ins>The-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">New-Boss</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">You</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">wF4aeF</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">html Meet The New Boss: You]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">James's resolution was that most Jewish law, including the requirement for circumcision of males, was not obligatory for </del>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">gentile]] followers</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">possibly in order to make it easier for them to join the movement{{fn|10}}. However</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the council did retain the prohibitions against eating meat containing blood</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or meat not properly slain. It also retained the prohibitions against "fornication" and idol worship.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http://goodvillenews.com/wk.html GoodvilleNews.com - good</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">positive news</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">inspirational stories</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">articles]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Footnotes</del>==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Reuse of Wastewater May Improve Drinking Water Supply </ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|1}} Galatians 2:12</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|2}} Robert Eisenman </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''James </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Brother of Jesus'' identifies Paul with </del>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Josephus]]' Ananias the Jewish merchant (''Jewish Antiquities'' 20</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2.3</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4), who proselytized Gentiles teaching them that faith in God is superior to circumcision</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">With recent advances in technology and design, treating municipal wastewater and reusing it for drinking water, irrigation, industry, and other applications could significantly increase the nations total available water resources, particularly </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">coastal areas facing water shortages, says a new report from </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">National Research Council.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|3}} There are two major versions of Acts: Alexandrian and Western; with preference generally given to the Alexandrian, see </del>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bruce Metzger]]'s ''Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' which has for the Western 15</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2 "</del>...<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for Paul spoke maintaining firmly that they should stay as they were when converted; but those who had come from Jerusalem ordered them</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Paul and Barnabas and certain others</del>, to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">go up to Jerusalem to the apostles and elders that they might be judged before them about this question."</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|4}} According to Bruce Metzger's ''Textual Commentary on </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Greek New Testament'': "</del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Apostolic Decree [15</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">29,15</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">20,21</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">25] ... contain many problems concerning text and exegesis"; "</del>it is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">possible </del>... <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(fornication means) marriage within the prohibited Levitical degrees (Lv 18.6</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">18), which the rabbis described as "forbidden for porneia," or mixed marriages with pagans (Nu 25</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1; also compare 2 Cor 6.14), or participation in pagan worship which had long been described by Old Testament prophets as spiritual adultery and which, in fact, offered opportunity in many temples for religious prostitution"; "An extensive literature exists on the text and exegesis"; [[NRSV</del>]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">has things polluted by idols, fornication, whatever has been strangled, blood; </del>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NIV]] has food polluted by idols</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sexual immorality</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">meat of strangled animals</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">blood; [[Young's Literal Translation|Young's</del>]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">has pollutions of the idols</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">whoredom</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">strangled thing</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">blood; Gaus' ''Unvarnished New Testament'' has pollution of idolatrous sacrifices</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">unchastity, meat </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">strangled animals, blood; </del>[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[New American Bible|NAB]] has pollution from idols, unlawful marriage, meat of strangled animals, blood. Hefele's commentary on canon II of Gangra notes</del>[http://<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">www</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ccel.org</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fathers2/NPNF2</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">14/Npnf2</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">14</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">40</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">htm#TopOfPage</del>]: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"We further see that, at the time of the Synod of Gangra, the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">With the Greeks, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Balsamon also, the well</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in his commentary on the sixty-third Apostolic Canon</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command. What the Latin Church</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">however</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">thought </del>on <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">this subject about the year 400</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is shown by St</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Augustine in his work Contra Faustum, where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah; but that then</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">when the barrier between Jewish </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">heathen converts had fallen</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">this command concerning things strangled </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">blood had lost its meaning, and was only observed by few</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">But still</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as late as the eighth century</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pope Gregory </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Third 731 forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days. No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council, even though it be one of the undisputed Ecumenical Synods, can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council, held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem, and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">proof that even Ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuser</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">like other laws</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http://goodvillenews</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com/Reuse-of-Wastewater-May-Improve-Drinking-Water-Supply</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SD47qe</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">html Reuse of Wastewater May Improve Drinking Water Supply]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|5}} </del>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Hillel the Elder]] when asked by a Gentile to teach the whole [[Torah]] while standing on one foot cited the negative form of the Golden Rule, also cited in [[Tobit]] 4</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">15</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Jesus</del>]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in </del>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gospel of Matthew]] 7</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">12</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">part of the [[Sermon on the Mount]], cited the </del>positive <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">form as summary of the "[[Torah|Law]] and [[Nevi'im|Prophets]]".</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|6}} Because of the differences</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a minority argue Galatians 2:1-10 is not a record of the Council of Jerusalem but a different event. [[Raymond E. Brown]] in ''Introduction to the New Testament'' argues the majority position that they are the same event but each from a different viewpoint with its own bias.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//goodvillenews</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com/wk</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">html GoodvilleNews</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com - good, positive news</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">inspirational stories</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">articles]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|7}} Acts 16 says Paul personally circumcised [[Timothy]] even though he was Greek and his father was Greek because his mother was of the Jewish faith.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|8}} Some took "freedom in Christ" to mean [[Antinomianism|lawlessness]]</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for example Acts 21:21</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== 5 Easy Steps </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Turn Your Life Into an Abundant Garden ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|9}} Possibly a reference to the [[Ebionites</del>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*{{fnb|10}} Acts 15:19</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dont judge each day by </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">harvest you reap but by </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">seeds that you plant</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">~ Robert Lewis StevensonIt has been my experience that life is what you make of it</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">You can look at it many ways</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It can be like a cup of coffee </ins>it is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">all in how you make it</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">I have decided to look at my life as a garden because your harvest all depends on what seeds you plant</ins>.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> [[http://goodvillenews</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com/5-Easy-Steps-to-Turn-Your-Life-Into-an-Abundant-Garden</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5eoXgS</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">html 5 Easy Steps to Turn Your Life Into an Abundant Garden</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http://goodvillenews.com/wk.html GoodvilleNews.com - good</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">positive news</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">inspirational stories</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">articles</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== Would Gandhi Use Social Media? ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">If Gandhi were alive today</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">would he use social media? He was never anti-technology</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or even anti-changing with the times. Quite the opposite</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">actually. If Internet technologies and social networks were around</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">he would certainly have embraced them -- but with a conscious mindfulness </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">their strengths and weaknesses.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>[[http://<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">goodvillenews</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Would-Gandhi-Use</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Social</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Media</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">J39i2S</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">html Would Gandhi Use Social Media?]</ins>]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[http</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//goodvillenews.com/wk</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">html GoodvilleNews</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com </ins>- <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">good</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">positive news</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">inspirational stories</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">articles]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== 11 Things You Should Start Doing for Yourself Today ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Enjoy everything that happens in your life</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but never make your happiness or success dependent </ins>on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an attachment to any person</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">place or thing</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wayne DyerYou deserve </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">live a more balanced</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">harmonious </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">happier life</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">starting today </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">starting now</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Today</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">not tomorrow</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nor </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">day after tomorrow is where your life </ins>is, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">where your life starts</ins>.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//goodvillenews.com/11-Things-You-Should-Start-Doing-for-Yourself-Today-e883xI</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">html 11 Things You Should Start Doing for Yourself Today</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//goodvillenews.com/wk.html GoodvilleNews.com - good</ins>, positive <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">news</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">inspirational stories</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">articles</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
</table>LindaJameshttp://www.wikinoah.org/en/index.php?title=Apostolic_Decree&diff=15643&oldid=prevAbrahamson: Reverted edits by LindaJames (Talk) to last revision by Abrahamson2012-08-20T12:03:41Z<p>Reverted edits by <a href="/en/index.php/Special:Contributions/LindaJames" title="Special:Contributions/LindaJames">LindaJames</a> (<a href="/en/index.php/User_talk:LindaJames" title="User talk:LindaJames">Talk</a>) to last revision by <a href="/en/index.php/User:Abrahamson" title="User:Abrahamson">Abrahamson</a></p>
<a href="http://www.wikinoah.org/en/index.php?title=Apostolic_Decree&diff=15643&oldid=15632">Show changes</a>Abrahamsonhttp://www.wikinoah.org/en/index.php?title=Apostolic_Decree&diff=15632&oldid=prevLindaJames: minor updates2012-08-17T02:16:06Z<p>minor updates</p>
<a href="http://www.wikinoah.org/en/index.php?title=Apostolic_Decree&diff=15632&oldid=1653">Show changes</a>LindaJameshttp://www.wikinoah.org/en/index.php?title=Apostolic_Decree&diff=1653&oldid=prevAbrahamson at 08:47, 5 July 20062006-07-05T08:47:07Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>'''"Council of Jerusalem"''' is a name applied in retrospect to a meeting described in ''[[Acts of the Apostles]]'' chapter 15. The events described there are generally dated about the year 50, some time before the death of [[James the Just]] in 62.<br />
<br />
==Relationship to Noahide Laws?==<br />
<br />
Some thinkers have compared James's resolution with the notion of [[Judaism|Judaism's]] [[Noahide Laws]]. In this regard, the following is found in ''The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended'', by Sir [[Isaac Newton]] (Dublin, 1728, p. 184): "This law [of abstaining from blood] was ancienter than the days of ''Moses'', being given to ''Noah'' and his sons, long before the days of ''Abraham'': and therefore when the Apostles and Elders in the Council at Jerusalem declared that the Gentiles were not obliged to be circumcised and keep the law of ''Moses'', they excepted this law of ''abstaining from blood, and things strangled,'' as being an earlier law of God, imposed not on the sons of ''Abraham'' only, but on all nations, while they lived together in ''Shinar'' under the dominion of ''Noah'': and of the same kind is the law of ''abstaining from meats offered to Idols or false Gods, and from fornication''." (Italics original). The Apostolic Constitutions 6.64[http://ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-07/anf07-46.htm#P6421_2226729] states: "Wherefore my sentence is, that we do not trouble those who from among the Gentiles turn unto God: but to charge them that they abstain from the pollutions of the Gentiles, and from what is sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from things strangled, and from fornication; which laws were given to the ancients who lived before the law, under the law of nature, Enos, Enoch, Noah, Melchizedek, Job, and if there be any other of the same sort." The [[Jewish Encyclopedia]] article on Paul states: "According to Acts ... Paul began working along the traditional Jewish line of proselytizing in the various synagogues where the [[proselytes]] of the gate [for example Exodus 20:10] and the Jews met; and only because he failed to win the Jews to his views, encountering strong opposition and persecution from them, did he turn to the Gentile world after he had agreed at a convention with the apostles at Jerusalem to admit the Gentiles into the Church only as proselytes of the gate, that is, after their acceptance of the Noachian laws (Acts xv. 1-31)."<br />
<br />
<br />
==The issues==<br />
A common interpretation is that the council was convened as the result of the disagreement within the [[Early Christianity|Early Christian]] community between those, such as the followers of James, who believed the church must observe the rules of traditional [[Judaism]]{{fn|1}}, and [[Paul of Tarsus]], who believed there was no such necessity (see also [[Supersessionism]]). However, the "rules of traditional Judaism", the [[Halakha]] of [[Rabbinic Judaism]], were still under development at this time, as the [[Jewish Encyclopedia]] article on [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=254&letter=J&search=Jesus Jesus] notes: "Jesus, however, does not appear to have taken into account the fact that the Halakah was at this period just becoming crystallized, and that much variation existed as to its definite form; the disputes of the [[Hillel the Elder|Bet Hillel]] and [[Shammai|Bet Shammai]] were occurring about the time of his maturity."<br />
<br />
The central issue was [[History of male circumcision#Male Circumcision in the Greco-Roman World|circumcision]], as the author of ''Acts'' relates the initial confrontation in [[Antioch]], where Paul had been preaching:<br />
:"And certain men which came down from [[Iudaea Province|Judaea]] taught the brethren, [and said], Except ye be circumcised after the manner of [[Moses]], ye cannot be [[Salvation|saved]]." (''Acts'' 15:1) [[KJV]]<br />
<br />
Paul and his [[disciple]], here called [[Barnabas]], disputed fiercely{{fn|2}} with the [[Jewish Christians|Judaean Christians]], so that it was determined that they "and certain other of them, should go up to [[Jerusalem]] unto the [[Twelve Apostles|apostles]] and [[Elder (religious)|elders]] about this question." (''Acts'' 15:2). The [[Acts of the Apostles#Text|Western]]{{fn|3}} version of Acts states those from Jerusalem ordered Paul and Barnabas and some others to Jerusalem to be judged before the apostles and elders. The author of ''Acts'' identifies the position of the Jerusalem Christians as if they were "[[Pharisee]]s which believed" in Christ, a label of opprobrium for radicals like the early Christians, but one that was not strictly accurate in this case:<br />
:"But there rose up certain of the sect of the Pharisees which believed, saying, That it was needful to circumcise them, and to command [them] to keep the [[law of Moses]]." (''Acts'' 15:5)<br />
<br />
The brackets around ''[them]'' shows that it is was an addition not found in the original that was needed to make sense in translation. An alternate translation of the [[Koine Greek]] construct ({{polytonic|παραγγελλειν τε τηρειν}},{{bibleverse-nb||Acts|15:5|68}}) is found in Andy Gaus' ''Unvarnished New Testament'': "They have to be circumcised; we have to proclaim and keep the law of Moses."<br />
<br />
At the council, following advice said to have been offered by [[Simon Peter]], whose presence has not otherwise been signalled (''Acts'' 15:7-11), James, the leader of the Jerusalem Church, gave his decision (later known as the ''Apostolic Decree''):<br />
<br />
:"Wherefore my sentence is, that we trouble not them, which from among the [[Gentiles]] are turned to God: But that we write unto them, that they abstain from pollutions of idols, and [from] [[Expounding of the Law#Divorce|fornication]], and [from] things strangled, and [from] blood.{{fn|4}} For Moses of old time hath in every city them that preach him, being read in the [[synagogues]] every [[sabbath]] day." (''Acts'' 15:19-21)<br />
<br />
The Western version of Acts substitutes the negative form of the [[ethic of reciprocity|Golden Rule]]{{fn|5}} for the prohibition against things strangled.<br />
<br />
The [[Didache]], short for "Teaching of the Lord to the Gentiles by the Twelve Apostles", part of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox]] Bible and the [[Apostolic Fathers]] collection, is generally dated about the same time as Acts. Though it doesn't mention a council, its title strongly suggests it is meant to represent the decree of that council. It starts with a first commandment, the [[Shema]] and the negative form of the Golden Rule, then a second commandment has prohibitions against murder, adultery, corrupting boys, sexual promiscuity, theft, magic, sorcery, abortion, infanticide, coveting, perjury, false testimony, speaking evil, holding grudges, being double-minded, not acting as you speak, greed, avarice, hypocrisy, maliciousness, arrogance, ploting evil against neighbors, hate, narcissism and expansions on these generally with references to the words of Jesus. Chapter 4, verse 13 states you must not forsake the Lord's commandments, neither adding nor subtracting. Chapter 6, verse 2 states if you can bear the whole yoke of the Lord you will be perfect, but otherwise do what you can, (which seems to parallel James as recorded in Acts), followed by the prohibition against meat sacrificed to idols. Related to the Didache are the texts: [[Epistle of Barnabas]], [[Apostolic Constitutions]], Didascalia Apostolorum[http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/didascalia.html], Apostolic Church Ordinances[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01635a.htm], Summary of Doctrine, Life of Schnudi and On the Teaching of the Apostles (or Doctrina).<br />
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==Interpreting the Council's decision==<br />
The earliest reaction to the so-called ''Council of Jerusalem'' was that of Paul himself, in his [[Epistle to Galatians]]. The account in Acts and Paul's own report are from fairly different angles{{fn|6}}. In the letter to the churches of [[Galatia]] Paul claims he went to Jerusalem with Barnabas and [[Apostle Titus|Titus]] "in response to a revelation", in order to "lay before them the [[gospel]] (he) proclaimed among the Gentiles" (Gal 2:2); ''them'' being according to Paul "those who were supposed to be acknowledged leaders" (Gal 2:6): James, [[Aramaic of Jesus#Cephas|Cephas]] and [[John the Apostle|John]]; in a "private meeting". Paul claims that the "acknowledged pillars" didn't even pressure Titus, who was Greek, to get circumcised{{fn|7}}. What he had trouble with was "false believers secretly brought in, who slipped in to spy on the freedom{{fn|8}} we have in Christ [[Jesus]], so that they might enslave us" (Gal 2:4). Paul claims the pillars had no issues with him, on the contrary they gave him the "right hand of fellowship", he bound for the mission to the ''uncircumcised'' and they to the ''circumcised'', requesting only that he remember the ''poor''{{fn|9}} of Jerusalem.<br />
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[[Origen]] in the beginning of the 3rd century placed the ''apostolic council'' in [[Antioch]]: "Wherefore, as there is some obscurity about this matter [food], without some explanation is given, it seemed good to the apostles of Jesus and the elders assembled together at Antioch, and also, as they themselves say, to the [[Holy Spirit]], to write a letter to the Gentile believers, forbidding them to partake of those things from which alone they say it is necessary to abstain, namely, "things offered to idols, things strangled, and blood."" [Contra Celsus 8.29][http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/origen168.html]<br />
Circumcision wasn't an issue for Origen as he castrated himself based on his reading of Matthew 19:12. The [[Apostolic Constitutions]] also reference an ''apostolic council'' in Antioch.<br />
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[[Augustine of Hippo]] in the 4th century, in ''Contra Faustum'' 32.13[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/140632.htm] noted: "The observance of pouring out the blood which was enjoined in ancient times upon Noah himself after the deluge, the meaning of which we have already explained, is thought by many to be what is meant in the Acts of the Apostles, where we read that the Gentiles were required to abstain from fornication, and from things sacrificed, and from blood, that is, from flesh of which the blood has not been poured out. Others give a different meaning to the words, and think that to abstain from blood means not to be polluted with the crime of murder. It would take too long to settle this question, and it is not necessary. For, allowing that the apostles did on that occasion require Christians to abstain from the blood of animals, and not to eat of things strangled, they seem to me to have consulted the time in choosing an easy observance that could not be burdensome to any one, and which the Gentiles might have in common with the Israelities, for the sake of the Corner-stone, who makes both one in Himself; while at the same time they would be reminded how the Church of all nations was prefigured by the ark of Noah, when God gave this command,--a type which began to be fulfilled in the time of the apostles by the accession of the Gentiles to the faith."<br />
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James's resolution was that most Jewish law, including the requirement for circumcision of males, was not obligatory for [[gentile]] followers, possibly in order to make it easier for them to join the movement{{fn|10}}. However, the council did retain the prohibitions against eating meat containing blood, or meat not properly slain. It also retained the prohibitions against "fornication" and idol worship.<br />
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==Footnotes==<br />
*{{fnb|1}} Galatians 2:12<br />
*{{fnb|2}} Robert Eisenman in ''James the Brother of Jesus'' identifies Paul with [[Josephus]]' Ananias the Jewish merchant (''Jewish Antiquities'' 20.2.3-4), who proselytized Gentiles teaching them that faith in God is superior to circumcision.<br />
*{{fnb|3}} There are two major versions of Acts: Alexandrian and Western; with preference generally given to the Alexandrian, see [[Bruce Metzger]]'s ''Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' which has for the Western 15:2 "...for Paul spoke maintaining firmly that they should stay as they were when converted; but those who had come from Jerusalem ordered them, Paul and Barnabas and certain others, to go up to Jerusalem to the apostles and elders that they might be judged before them about this question."<br />
*{{fnb|4}} According to Bruce Metzger's ''Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'': "the Apostolic Decree [15.29,15.20,21.25] ... contain many problems concerning text and exegesis"; "it is possible ... (fornication means) marriage within the prohibited Levitical degrees (Lv 18.6-18), which the rabbis described as "forbidden for porneia," or mixed marriages with pagans (Nu 25.1; also compare 2 Cor 6.14), or participation in pagan worship which had long been described by Old Testament prophets as spiritual adultery and which, in fact, offered opportunity in many temples for religious prostitution"; "An extensive literature exists on the text and exegesis"; [[NRSV]] has things polluted by idols, fornication, whatever has been strangled, blood; [[NIV]] has food polluted by idols, sexual immorality, meat of strangled animals, blood; [[Young's Literal Translation|Young's]] has pollutions of the idols, whoredom, strangled thing, blood; Gaus' ''Unvarnished New Testament'' has pollution of idolatrous sacrifices, unchastity, meat of strangled animals, blood; [[New American Bible|NAB]] has pollution from idols, unlawful marriage, meat of strangled animals, blood. Hefele's commentary on canon II of Gangra notes[http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-14/Npnf2-14-40.htm#TopOfPage]: "We further see that, at the time of the Synod of Gangra, the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force. With the Greeks, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show. Balsamon also, the well-known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages, in his commentary on the sixty-third Apostolic Canon, expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command. What the Latin Church, however, thought on this subject about the year 400, is shown by St. Augustine in his work Contra Faustum, where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah; but that then, when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen, this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning, and was only observed by few. But still, as late as the eighth century, Pope Gregory the Third 731 forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days. No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council, even though it be one of the undisputed Ecumenical Synods, can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council, held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem, and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even Ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuser, like other laws."<br />
*{{fnb|5}} [[Hillel the Elder]] when asked by a Gentile to teach the whole [[Torah]] while standing on one foot cited the negative form of the Golden Rule, also cited in [[Tobit]] 4:15. [[Jesus]] in [[Gospel of Matthew]] 7:12, part of the [[Sermon on the Mount]], cited the positive form as summary of the "[[Torah|Law]] and [[Nevi'im|Prophets]]".<br />
*{{fnb|6}} Because of the differences, a minority argue Galatians 2:1-10 is not a record of the Council of Jerusalem but a different event. [[Raymond E. Brown]] in ''Introduction to the New Testament'' argues the majority position that they are the same event but each from a different viewpoint with its own bias.<br />
*{{fnb|7}} Acts 16 says Paul personally circumcised [[Timothy]] even though he was Greek and his father was Greek because his mother was of the Jewish faith.<br />
*{{fnb|8}} Some took "freedom in Christ" to mean [[Antinomianism|lawlessness]], for example Acts 21:21<br />
*{{fnb|9}} Possibly a reference to the [[Ebionites]]<br />
*{{fnb|10}} Acts 15:19</div>Abrahamson