When Khaled took Amgheshiya in 633, Azadbeh's army stood outside Hira before losing everything later that year.
=634Umar=The Nestorians made a second approach this time by Ishoʿyahb himself to the caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab (634–44). ʿUmar is said to have granted the Church of the East a charter of protection. Some of the Saracen leaders mentioned during Umar's name are referred to by similar names such as Amr. The standard narrative is that they represent different people but it might not necessarily be the historical case. However, a major obstacle to equating the two is that the standard narrative places Umar under the influence of Kaʽb al-Aḥbār's form of Judaism while Amr was most impressed by the Coptic Pope Benjamin. ==Calendar==According to the standard narrative, Ramadan had always coincided with the Fast of Adam and Eid ulAzhar had always coincided with Passover preparations until 632. But neglecting intercalations for the 12 Lunar Months the calendar had slipped forward two whole months against the Solar year by the time Umar came to power in 634. Umar opted to stay with 12 lunar months instead of returning to the system of intercalation used until 632. Rav. Ben Abrahamson has indicated that this may have been as a result of Kaʽb al-Aḥbār's influence who represented a sect of Jews who had opposed Hillel II's Hebrew calendar. ==Censorship==In 634 Heraclius forbade further discussion of energism. ==634 Tayyaye d'Mhmt==In 640, Thomas the Presbyter reported that the "Tayyaye d-Mhmt" were fighting with Romans 12 miles east of Gaza in 634. ==Sophronius==In his 634 Christmas Sermon, the hardcore Dyophysite Sophronius mentions that the "Godless" Saracens had taken Bethlehem and that is what you get when you don't respect Baptism. ==634 Carthage Doctrina Yacobi==Byzantine propaganda attempts to damage Jewish interest in what they might have thought were the Armies of Elijah. "What can you tell me about the prophet who has appeared with the Saracens?" He replied, groaning deeply: "He is false, for the prophets do not come armed with a sword." It concludes that Jews should side with Byzantine Christianity instead of chasing after this false Elijah. ==634==
Sophronius the new Patriarch of Jerusalem, banned Heraclius's supporters from Church in the Holy Land.
*P
Sneaky Yazdegard reached out to Heraclius after Khalid's invasion of South Syria.
=635Ctesiphon=Ctesiphon surrenders to Umar. ==635==
The standard Islamic narrative says that despite any appearances to the contrary, Heraclius was actually a secret Muslim. But if that were the case he clearly considered Khalid a treacherous and dangerous infidel. Heraclius entered an alliance with treacherous Yazdegard III in 635.
*M+R
The Doctrina Yacobi marks the historical turning point in Byzantine policy towards Khalid.
=636Peroz=Peroz III son of Yazdegard is born. ==636 Fragment on the Battle of Gabitha=="...Mūḥmd and many people were slain and..." This could be a reference to the Battle of Yarmouk. ==636==
Heraclius allows Khalid to overthrow the Ghassanids then in alliance with Yazdegard orders a strike against the Muslims. But Yazdegard betrays him and enters negotiations with Saad ibn Abi Waqqas. Badly outnumbered, the Byzantine armies fail and South Syria falls to Khalid
*P
*M
=637Jerusalem=Sophronius the Dyophysite hands Jerusalem over to the lapsed Gnostic Umar. ==The Temple Mount Masjid==Umar asked Kaʽb al-Aḥbār "Where do you advise me to build a place of worship?" Ka‘b indicated the Temple Rock, now a gigantic heap of ruins from the temple of Jupiter. The Jews, Ka‘b explained, had briefly won back their old capital a quarter of a century before (when Persians overran Syria), but they had not had time to clear the site of the Temple, for the Byzantines (Rūm) had recaptured the city. It was then that Umar ordered the rubbish on the Temple Rock to be removed by the Nabataeans, and after three showers of heavy rain had cleansed the Rock, he instituted prayers there. Umar is said to have fenced it. Rav. Ben Abrahamson has said that Jews began to keep lamps burning outside of the wooden structure at that time. Sophronius validates that account as follows: "the godless Saracens entered the holy city of Christ our Lord, Jerusalem, with the permission of God and in punishment for our negligence, which is considerable, and immediately proceeded in haste to the place which is called the Capitol. They took with them men, some by force, others by their own will, in order to clean that place and to build that cursed thing, intended for their prayer and which they call a Midzgitha (Masjid)." ==637==
Sophronius surrenders Jerusalem to Umar with hospitality.
Kab al-Ahbar advises Umar to build a sanctuary on the Temple Mount.
*M
==Zionism==
In the 660s, Sebeos mentions a Mahmet Torah Scholar inciting Judaized Ishmaelies to take the Holy land and how they organised their approach. It is very possible that Sebeos was confusing Mahmet with Kaʽb al-Aḥbār.
==Nestorians petition Abu Bakr==
The Chronicle of Seert, probably written in the ninth century, records two approaches to the Muslims from the Nestorian Church. The first by Ishoʿyahb's emissaries to Abu Bakr (632–4).
'''At times the first Arab conquests were led – in a noteworthy paradox – under a flag bearing a cross''' (Alichoran, 1996: 86)
=638 =The timid Pope Honorius dies. Sergius of Constantinople dies. Sophronius dies. Dyophysite Heraclius outlaws discussion of Dyoenergism. The Muslims are alleged to have attempted to seat the Monothelite Bishop Sergius of Jaffa as the Patriarch of Jerusalem. Umarestablishes the Dyoenergist Monophysite Armenian Patriarch Abraham I as Patriarch of Jerusalem. ==638 Umar==
Sophronius dies.
*P
*M+O
=639Egypt=The standard narrative says that Amr ibn al-As joined the companions of the Arabian Nabi in 629. However, historical sources say that Amr said he "had never seen such an impressive man of God as" the Coptic Pope Benjamin. ==639==
According to the Coptic encyclopedia, Amr has never met a more Holy Man than Coptic Pope Benjamin.
*O
*O
==Conclusion==
Taken altogether the evidence suggests that Umar worked for Heraclius's tolerance as very tolerant Karaite or a secular Teimani (or Judaized gentile) but one who was more attracted to normative Christianity.
*R
=634 Umar=
The Nestorians made a second approach this time by Ishoʿyahb himself to the caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab (634–44). ʿUmar is said to have granted the Church of the East a charter of protection.
Some of the Saracen leaders mentioned during Umar's name are referred to by similar names such as Amr. The standard narrative is that they represent different people but it might not necessarily be the historical case. However, a major obstacle to equating the two is that the standard narrative places Umar under the influence of Kaʽb al-Aḥbār's form of Judaism while Amr was most impressed by the Coptic Pope Benjamin.
=Calendar=
According to the standard narrative, Ramadan had always coincided with the Fast of Adam and Eid ulAzhar had always coincided with Passover preparations until 632. But neglecting intercalations for the 12 Lunar Months the calendar had slipped forward two whole months against the Solar year by the time Umar came to power in 634. Umar opted to stay with 12 lunar months instead of returning to the system of intercalation used until 632.
Rav. Ben Abrahamson has indicated that this may have been as a result of Kaʽb al-Aḥbār's influence who represented a sect of Jews who had opposed Hillel II's Hebrew calendar.
=Censorship=
In 634 Heraclius forbade further discussion of energism.
=634 Tayyaye d'Mhmt=
In 640, Thomas the Presbyter reported that the "Tayyaye d-Mhmt" were fighting with Romans 12 miles east of Gaza in 634.
=Sophronius=
In his 634 Christmas Sermon, the hardcore Dyophysite Sophronius mentions that the "Godless" Saracens had taken Bethlehem and that is what you get when you don't respect Baptism.
=634 Carthage Doctrina Yacobi=
Byzantine propaganda attempts to damage Jewish interest in what they might have thought were the Armies of Elijah.
"What can you tell me about the prophet who has appeared with the Saracens?" He replied, groaning deeply: "He is false, for the prophets do not come armed with a sword."
It concludes that Jews should side with Byzantine Christianity instead of chasing after this false Elijah.
=635 Ctesiphon=
Ctesiphon surrenders to Umar.
=636 Peroz=
Peroz III son of Yazdegard is born.
=636 Fragment on the Battle of Gabitha=
"...Mūḥmd and many people were slain and..."
This could be a reference to the Battle of Yarmouk.
=637 Jerusalem=
Sophronius the Dyophysite hands Jerusalem over to the lapsed Gnostic Umar.
=The Temple Mount Masjid=
Umar asked Kaʽb al-Aḥbār "Where do you advise me to build a place of worship?" Ka‘b indicated the Temple Rock, now a gigantic heap of ruins from the temple of Jupiter. The Jews, Ka‘b explained, had briefly won back their old capital a quarter of a century before (when Persians overran Syria), but they had not had time to clear the site of the Temple, for the Byzantines (Rūm) had recaptured the city. It was then that Umar ordered the rubbish on the Temple Rock to be removed by the Nabataeans, and after three showers of heavy rain had cleansed the Rock, he instituted prayers there. Umar is said to have fenced it.
Rav. Ben Abrahamson has said that Jews began to keep lamps burning outside of the wooden structure at that time.
Sophronius validates that account as follows:
"the godless Saracens entered the holy city of Christ our Lord, Jerusalem, with the permission of God and in punishment for our negligence, which is considerable, and immediately proceeded in haste to the place which is called the Capitol. They took with them men, some by force, others by their own will, in order to clean that place and to build that cursed thing, intended for their prayer and which they call a Midzgitha (Masjid)."
=638=
The timid Pope Honorius dies.
Sergius of Constantinople dies.
Sophronius dies.
Dyophysite Heraclius outlaws discussion of Dyoenergism.
The Muslims are alleged to have attempted to seat the Monothelite Bishop Sergius of Jaffa as the Patriarch of Jerusalem.
Umar establishes the Dyoenergist Monophysite Armenian Patriarch Abraham I as Patriarch of Jerusalem.
=639 Egypt=
The standard narrative says that Amr ibn al-As joined the companions of the Arabian Nabi in 629. However, historical sources say that Amr said he "had never seen such an impressive man of God as" the Coptic Pope Benjamin.
=644 Emir Umayr=
An 874 manuscript titled Disputation of John and the Emir it is recorded that on the 9th of May 644, and the Emir Umayr ibn Sad al-As arise invited the Syria Orthodox Patriarch John III of the Sedre to explain the Byzantine faith to him. The Byzantine praised his efforts. At the Emir's request, John also had the Gospel translated from Syriac into Arabic by Arab Christians from the Banu Uqayl, Tanukh, and Tayy (Tashih/Tachk/Tajik) tribes. It is alleged that the emir had initially demanded that mentions of the name of Christ, the baptism, and the Cross be removed from the translation, but relented following John's refusal. The request to remove the title Christ and the Cross indicates the Emir was influenced by Judaism. He did not believe Jesus was Christ and did not want the Jews blamed for crucifixion.
==644 Bostanai & Umar==
It is also said that another of Yazdegard's daughters called Dara was given in marriage to the 16 year old Bostanai at this time.
==644 Uthman==
In 644 Uthman inherited Heraclius's Imperial Black Stone Mandate
*M
*P
==Conclusion==
Unless Umar finally converted, the elements seem to suggest that the new ruler, Uthman, was some kind of Miaphysite Mesihi.
*R
==644 Uthman==
Uthman succeeds Umar.
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